{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3124496673","doi":null,"title":"Has Education Paid Off for Black Workers","display_name":"Has Education Paid Off for Black Workers","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3124496673","mag":"3124496673"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:epo:papers:2013-11","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/black-good-jobs-2013-06.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/black-good-jobs-2013-06.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026023005","display_name":"John Schmitt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Schmitt","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037275700","display_name":"Janelle M. Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0910-2404","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0910-2404"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janelle Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0910-2404","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13762","display_name":"Education and Labor Relations","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-workers","display_name":"Black workers","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"human capital","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/returns-to-education","display_name":"returns to education","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-quality","display_name":"job quality","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/good-jobs","display_name":"good jobs","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-inequality","display_name":"wage inequality","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employer-sponsored-health-insurance","display_name":"employer-sponsored health insurance","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pensions","display_name":"pensions","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-market-discrimination","display_name":"labor market discrimination","score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aging-workforce","display_name":"aging workforce","score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment-trends","display_name":"educational attainment trends","score":0.3370000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.7547580599784851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.6125314831733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109167261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421955","display_name":"Fell","level":2,"score":0.5749084949493408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.5435497760772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5284562110900879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.5281127691268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992814624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817393","display_name":"Black male","level":2,"score":0.5037445425987244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018047383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817393","display_name":"Black female","level":2,"score":0.4509921371936798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4433518648147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200941418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273508","display_name":"Inflation (cosmology)","level":2,"score":0.42667850852012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3972410559654236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.18831667304039001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1381336748600006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10766345262527466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:epo:papers:2013-11","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/black-good-jobs-2013-06.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/black-good-jobs-2013-06.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:3124496673","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cepr.net/documents/publications/black-good-jobs-2013-06.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764584721","display_name":"CEPR Reports and Issue Briefs","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CEPR Reports and Issue Briefs","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:659555409","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:epo:papers:2013-11","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W602089810","https://openalex.org/W1529588871","https://openalex.org/W1545518915","https://openalex.org/W2113095718","https://openalex.org/W2126179497","https://openalex.org/W2153103862","https://openalex.org/W3122425091","https://openalex.org/W3123223998","https://openalex.org/W3148416155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1030471550","https://openalex.org/W1542917496","https://openalex.org/W6988124096","https://openalex.org/W2411205881","https://openalex.org/W2280578578","https://openalex.org/W3124361231","https://openalex.org/W6994341285","https://openalex.org/W7096772496","https://openalex.org/W2072485719","https://openalex.org/W1980565816"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0,46],"the":[1,5,9,47,50,86,96,119,170],"past":[2],"three":[3],"decades,":[4],"\u201chuman":[6],"capital\u201d":[7],"of":[8,52,121,172],"employed":[10,88],"black":[11,22,53,77,89,122,175],"workforce":[12,78],"has":[13,79,141,151],"increased":[14],"enormously.":[15],"In":[16,84],"1979,":[17,85],"only":[18,69],"one-in-ten":[19],"(10.4":[20],"percent)":[21,39,67],"workers":[23,54,123],"had":[24,40],"a":[25,41,58,125,165],"four-year":[26],"college":[27,42],"degree":[28,61],"or":[29,44],"more.":[30,45],"By":[31],"2011,":[32],"more":[33],"than":[34,57],"one":[35,71,129],"in":[36,72,104,124],"four":[37],"(26.2":[38],"education":[43,105],"same":[48],"period,":[49],"share":[51,120],"with":[55],"less":[56],"high":[59],"school":[60],"fell":[62],"from":[63],"almost":[64],"one-third":[65],"(31.6":[66],"to":[68],"about":[70],"20":[73],"(5.3":[74],"percent).":[75],"The":[76],"also":[80],"grown":[81],"considerably":[82],"older.":[83],"median":[87,97],"worker":[90],"was":[91],"33":[92],"years":[93],"old;":[94],"today,":[95],"is":[98],"39.":[99],"Economists":[100],"expect":[101],"that":[102,130,162],"increases":[103],"and":[106,113,145,160],"work":[107],"experience":[108],"will":[109],"increase":[110],"workers'":[111],"productivity":[112],"translate":[114],"into":[115],"higher":[116],"compensation.":[117],"But,":[118],"\u201cgood":[126],"job\u201d":[127],"\u2013":[128,150],"pays":[131],"at":[132,157],"least":[133],"$19":[134],"per":[135],"hour":[136],"(in":[137],"inflation-adjusted":[138],"2011":[139],"dollars),":[140],"employer-provided":[142],"health":[143],"insurance,":[144],"an":[146],"employer-sponsored":[147],"retirement":[148],"plan":[149],"actually":[152],"declined.":[153],"This":[154],"paper":[155],"looks":[156],"this":[158],"trend":[159],"policies":[161],"would":[163],"have":[164],"large,":[166],"positive":[167],"impact":[168],"on":[169],"quality":[171],"jobs":[173],"for":[174],"workers.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}
