{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3124136200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w9414","title":"Catching Cheating Teachers: The Results of an Unusual Experiment in Implementing Theory","display_name":"Catching Cheating Teachers: The Results of an Unusual Experiment in Implementing Theory","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3124136200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w9414","mag":"3124136200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w9414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w9414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w9414","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w9414","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w9414","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002135064","display_name":"Brian Aaron Jacob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3794-9850","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3794-9850"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Jacob","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Government Department of Economics Harvard University University of Chicago 79 JFK Street 1126 East 59 th Street Cambridge , MA 02138 Chicago , IL 60637"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Government Department of Economics Harvard University University of Chicago 79 JFK Street 1126 East 59 th Street Cambridge , MA 02138 Chicago , IL 60637","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110461946","display_name":"Steven D. Levitt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Levitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.5630000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.5630000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.1808999925851822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13720","display_name":"Benford\u2019s Law and Fraud Detection","score":0.10520000010728836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cheating-detection","display_name":"cheating detection","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-score-gains","display_name":"test score gains","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classroom-performance","display_name":"classroom performance","score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repeated-testing","display_name":"retesting","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chicago-public-schools","display_name":"Chicago Public Schools","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-education","display_name":"primary education","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-dishonesty","display_name":"academic dishonesty","score":0.4740000069141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778024590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357432","display_name":"Cheating","level":2,"score":0.9935780763626099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6545676589012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5634708404541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.5131150484085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4545920491218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38589662313461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.25115451216697693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19702032208442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w9414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w9414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w9414","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w9414","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:9414","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w9414.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w9414.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/46230","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/46230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3124136200","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:nbr:nberwo:9414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w9414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w9414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w9414","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w9414","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9235000014305115,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332237","display_name":"Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337515","display_name":"Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3124136200.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3124136200.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966770071","https://openalex.org/W2083846441","https://openalex.org/W2087356848","https://openalex.org/W2107777509","https://openalex.org/W2149902237","https://openalex.org/W2168821881","https://openalex.org/W2742211879","https://openalex.org/W4250062750"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096251575","https://openalex.org/W2606479601","https://openalex.org/W7099961517","https://openalex.org/W7064654460","https://openalex.org/W2074279285","https://openalex.org/W2012288173","https://openalex.org/W2590109297","https://openalex.org/W4244538155","https://openalex.org/W2759636618","https://openalex.org/W7095324814"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"reports":[2],"on":[3,30,53],"the":[4,31,54,105,111,115,123,132],"results":[5],"of":[6,10,98,107],"a":[7,96],"prospective":[8],"implementation":[9,116],"methods":[11,127],"for":[12,27],"detecting":[13],"teacher":[14],"cheating.In":[15],"Spring":[16],"2002,":[17],"over":[18],"100":[19],"Chicago":[20],"Public":[21],"Schools":[22],"elementary":[23],"classrooms":[24,72,89],"were":[25,58,80,104],"selected":[26,71],"retesting":[28],"based":[29],"cheating":[32,77,99,125],"detection":[33,78,126],"algorithm.Classrooms":[34],"prospectively":[35,59],"identified":[36,60],"as":[37,61,95],"likely":[38],"cheaters":[39],"experienced":[40],"large":[41,49,92],"test":[42,50],"score":[43,51],"declines.In":[44],"contrast,":[45],"classes":[46],"that":[47,90],"had":[48],"gains":[52,94,103],"original":[55,69,124],"test,":[56],"but":[57],"being":[62],"unlikely":[63],"to":[64,83],"have":[65],"cheated,":[66],"maintained":[67,74],"their":[68,75],"gains.Randomly":[70],"also":[73],"gains.The":[76],"tools":[79],"thus":[81],"demonstrated":[82],"be":[84,129],"effective":[85],"in":[86,121,131],"distinguishing":[87],"between":[88],"achieved":[91],"test-score":[93],"consequence":[97],"versus":[100],"those":[101],"whose":[102],"result":[106],"outstanding":[108],"teaching.In":[109],"addition,":[110],"data":[112],"generated":[113],"by":[114],"experiment":[117],"highlight":[118],"numerous":[119],"ways":[120],"which":[122],"can":[128],"improved":[130],"future.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}