{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122888641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9702","title":"Geotechnical Lessons Learned From Nineteen Railway Trenchless Crossings During Construction of a Transmission Pipeline","display_name":"Geotechnical Lessons Learned From Nineteen Railway Trenchless Crossings During Construction of a Transmission Pipeline","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122888641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9702","mag":"3122888641"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1115/ipc2020-9702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9702","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306497740","display_name":"International Pipeline Conference (IPC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Volume 2: Pipeline Safety Management Systems; Project Management, Design, Construction, and Environmental Issues; Strain Based Design; Risk and Reliability; Northern, Offshore, and Production Pipelines","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023967963","display_name":"Jack Park","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107703","display_name":"BGC Engineering (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/01kc9n234","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107703"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["BGC Engineering Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BGC Engineering Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038041206","display_name":"Lisa N. Wheeler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107703","display_name":"BGC Engineering (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/01kc9n234","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107703"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa Wheeler","raw_affiliation_strings":["BGC Engineering Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BGC Engineering Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065509557","display_name":"Katherine Johnston","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107703","display_name":"BGC Engineering (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/01kc9n234","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107703"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine Johnston","raw_affiliation_strings":["BGC Engineering Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BGC Engineering Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107703"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064616326","display_name":"Mike Statters","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271185","display_name":"Enbridge Inc. (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/020z2z230","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271185"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Statters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Enbridge Pipelines Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Enbridge Pipelines Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405271185"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32981496,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11046","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Analysis","score":0.7407000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11046","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Analysis","score":0.7407000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","score":0.16689999401569366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics","score":0.030400000512599945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/level-crossings","display_name":"level crossings","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-displacement-monitoring","display_name":"ground movement monitoring","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-settlement","display_name":"ground settlement","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-heave","display_name":"ground heave","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-plug","display_name":"soil plug","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/over-excavation","display_name":"over-excavation","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construction-tolerances","display_name":"construction tolerances","score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canadian-prairies","display_name":"Canadian prairies","score":0.6570000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C532881642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q681566","display_name":"Trenchless technology","level":3,"score":0.8912456035614014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5914421081542969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.5714711546897888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31858485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959782","display_name":"Excavation","level":2,"score":0.5497657060623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175309249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725864","display_name":"Pipeline transport","level":2,"score":0.5282917022705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161222754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270699","display_name":"Silt","level":2,"score":0.5227006673812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.5006952285766602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.46121299266815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994569098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849953","display_name":"Ground movement","level":2,"score":0.4605743885040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156945495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955118","display_name":"Earthworks","level":2,"score":0.44828569889068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.44201499223709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150560799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502102","display_name":"Borehole","level":2,"score":0.42639437317848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.33612334728240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2010403871536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12186974287033081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1115/ipc2020-9702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9702","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306497740","display_name":"International Pipeline Conference (IPC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Volume 2: Pipeline Safety Management Systems; Project Management, Design, Construction, and Environmental Issues; Strain Based Design; Risk and Reliability; Northern, Offshore, and Production Pipelines","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062925694","https://openalex.org/W4385723932","https://openalex.org/W2008709185","https://openalex.org/W3155242137","https://openalex.org/W3091694655","https://openalex.org/W3091105825","https://openalex.org/W1989972749","https://openalex.org/W4214821207","https://openalex.org/W2024375043","https://openalex.org/W2368023467"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"When":[1],"new":[2,91],"pipelines":[3],"are":[4,67,381],"constructed,":[5],"they":[6],"often":[7],"cross":[8],"existing":[9],"major":[10],"infrastructure,":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13,138,140],"railways.":[14],"To":[15],"reduce":[16,110,251,335],"potential":[17,112,235,253,295,337],"service":[18],"disruption,":[19],"it":[20],"is":[21,359],"a":[22,90,161,244,342],"common":[23],"practice":[24],"to":[25,49,59,74,109,115,226,232,250,267,277,332,360,384],"complete":[26],"these":[27],"crossings":[28,106,292,402],"using":[29],"trenchless":[30,104,368,400],"technologies.":[31],"Without":[32],"proper":[33],"methods":[34],"and":[35,39,46,55,71,118,130,172,180,189,197,308,313,334,351,374,390,393],"oversight":[36],"in":[37,80,107,230,248,281],"planning":[38],"construction,":[40,312],"there":[41],"may":[42],"be":[43,79],"serious":[44],"safety":[45],"financial":[47,72],"implications":[48],"the":[50,53,56,69,75,81,94,111,116,124,134,144,157,165,169,177,181,186,202,207,234,252,263,275,282,294,314,317,322,336,346,362,366,372,396],"operators":[51,77,179],"of":[52,83,89,123,156,168,201,311,316,356,398,403],"railways":[54],"public":[57],"due":[58],"unacceptable":[60],"settlement":[61],"or":[62,326],"heave.":[63],"If":[64],"movement":[65,99,152,323,340,379],"tolerances":[66],"exceeded,":[68],"schedule":[70],"loss":[73],"railway":[76,105,119,146,178,349,369,387,404],"could":[78],"millions":[82],"dollars":[84],"per":[85],"day.":[86],"Recent":[87],"construction":[88,352,397],"pipeline":[92,401],"across":[93],"Canadian":[95],"prairies":[96],"implemented":[97],"ground":[98,136,151,209,237,283,339,378],"monitoring":[100,153,270,302,380],"plans":[101],"at":[102,164],"19":[103,367],"order":[108,231,249],"for":[113,127,160,236,254,279,291,296,338,377],"impact":[114],"track":[117],"operations.":[120],"The":[121,330,354],"specifics":[122],"plan":[125],"varied":[126],"each":[128],"site":[129],"were":[131,192,217,272,289,304],"based":[132],"on":[133,206],"expected":[135,187,208],"conditions,":[137,210],"well":[139],"permit":[141],"requirements":[142],"from":[143,194,365],"various":[145],"operators,":[147,350,388],"but":[148],"typically":[149],"included":[150],"surveys,":[154],"observation":[155],"cuttings,":[158],"recommendations":[159],"soil":[162,188,212,228,246],"plug":[163,213,229,247],"leading":[166],"edge":[167],"bore":[170,203,264],"casing,":[171],"frequent":[173],"communication":[174],"with":[175],"both":[176],"contractors.":[182,353],"For":[183],"all":[184],"crossings,":[185,370],"groundwater":[190],"conditions":[191],"obtained":[193],"pre-construction":[195],"boreholes":[196],"confirmed":[198],"during":[199,395],"excavation":[200,261,298],"bays.":[204],"Based":[205],"appropriate":[211],"lengths,":[214],"if":[215],"required,":[216],"recommended.":[218],"In":[219],"general,":[220],"fine-grained":[221],"clay/silt-dominated":[222],"soils":[223,242],"needed":[224,243],"minimal":[225],"no":[227],"minimize":[233],"heave,":[238],"while":[239],"coarser-grained":[240],"sand-dominated":[241],"longer":[245],"\u201cflowing":[255],"soil\u201d":[256],"which":[257],"would":[258],"cause":[259],"over":[260,297],"along":[262,274],"path.":[265],"Prior":[266],"boring,":[268],"surface":[269,284],"points":[271,288,303],"established":[273],"tracks":[276],"monitor":[278,333],"changes":[280],"elevation.":[285],"Additional":[286],"subsurface":[287],"installed":[290],"where":[293],"was":[299,319,324,341],"higher.":[300],"These":[301],"surveyed":[305],"before,":[306],"throughout,":[307],"following":[309],"completion":[310],"frequency":[315],"surveys":[318],"increased":[320],"when":[321],"nearing":[325],"exceeding":[327],"specified":[328],"tolerances.":[329],"effort":[331,344],"coordinated":[343],"between":[345],"geotechnical":[347,391],"engineers,":[348,392],"purpose":[355],"this":[357],"paper":[358],"present":[361],"lessons":[363],"learned":[364],"including":[371],"challenges":[373],"successes.":[375],"Recommendations":[376],"also":[382],"provided":[383],"help":[385],"guide":[386],"design":[389],"contractors":[394],"future":[399],"infrastructure.":[405]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}