{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122800580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38w41x","title":"High Technology Entrepreneurs and the Patent System: Results of the 2008 Berkeley Patent Survey","display_name":"High Technology Entrepreneurs and the Patent System: Results of the 2008 Berkeley Patent Survey","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122800580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38w41x","mag":"3122800580"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:3122800580","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/2124/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203105838","display_name":"Berkeley technology law journal","issn_l":"0885-2715","issn":["0885-2715","1086-3818"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","jufo-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316106","host_organization_name":"UC Berkeley School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316106","https://openalex.org/P4310316198"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UC Berkeley School of Law","University of California, Berkeley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Berkeley technology law journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38w41x","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060184076","display_name":"Stuart J.H. Graham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6535-721X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6535-721X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Graham, Stuart J.H.; Merges, Robert P.; Samuelson, Pam; Sichelman, Ted","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060184076"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.7595,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":149,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99048407,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"1255","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patenting-behavior","display_name":"patenting behavior","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-startups","display_name":"technology startups","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-system","display_name":"patent system","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitive-advantage","display_name":"competitive advantage","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-licensing","display_name":"patent licensing","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/venture-capital","display_name":"venture capital","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biotechnology-startups","display_name":"biotechnology startups","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-startups","display_name":"software startups","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-startups","display_name":"internet startups","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-costs","display_name":"patent costs","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation-incentives","display_name":"innovation incentives","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/startup-financing","display_name":"startup financing","score":0.4819999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779151265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156791","display_name":"Copying","level":2,"score":0.8025990724563599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21279758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219409","display_name":"Venture capital","level":2,"score":0.7689802646636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.6484906673431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6446341872215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6380233764648438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6320515275001526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.6158642768859863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.4954887628555298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4729618430137634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.44729194045066833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.4404011070728302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.22967135906219482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1721228063106537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.09683331847190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09632661938667297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"mag:3122800580","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/2124/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203105838","display_name":"Berkeley technology law journal","issn_l":"0885-2715","issn":["0885-2715","1086-3818"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","jufo-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316106","host_organization_name":"UC Berkeley School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316106","https://openalex.org/P4310316198"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UC Berkeley School of Law","University of California, Berkeley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Berkeley technology law journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.15779/z38w41x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38w41x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38w41x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050879","display_name":"UC Berkeley","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","host_organization_name":"University of California, Berkeley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.15779/z38w41x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38w41x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38w41x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050879","display_name":"UC Berkeley","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","host_organization_name":"University of California, Berkeley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5378999710083008}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3123532373","https://openalex.org/W4414958853","https://openalex.org/W787688438","https://openalex.org/W2503270768","https://openalex.org/W1510473681","https://openalex.org/W3158187511","https://openalex.org/W2067296989","https://openalex.org/W2050059108","https://openalex.org/W4392154310","https://openalex.org/W3008310600"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,30,122,192,215],"offer":[1],"description":[2],"and":[3,27,50,57,96,106,113,119,138,149,161,188,206,243,259],"analysis":[4,81],"of":[5,14,52,86,100,184,187,202],"the":[6,12,20,48,77,84,97,128,136,159,199,234,256,274],"2008":[7],"Berkeley":[8],"Patent":[9],"Survey,":[10],"summarizing":[11],"responses":[13],"1,332":[15],"U.S.-based":[16],"technology":[17,39,102,204],"startups":[18,40,134,174,205,226],"in":[19,64,76,127,135,158,179,182],"biotechnology,":[21],"medical":[22,139],"device,":[23],"IT":[24,172],"hardware,":[25],"software,":[26],"Internet":[28,162],"sectors.":[29],"discover":[31,217],"that":[32,47,66,83,208,254],"holding":[33,53],"patents":[34,54,67,132,144,261],"is":[35,264],"more":[36,146],"widespread":[37],"among":[38],"than":[41],"has":[42],"been":[43],"previously":[44],"reported,":[45],"but":[46],"patterns":[49],"drivers":[51,85],"are":[55,68,89,145,167,209,278],"industry":[56,120,244],"context":[58],"specific.":[59],"Surprisingly,":[60],"startup":[61,87],"executives":[62],"report":[63,253],"general":[65],"providing":[69],"relatively":[70],"weak":[71],"incentives":[72],"for":[73,133,190],"core":[74],"activities":[75],"innovation":[78],"process.":[79],"Our":[80],"uncovers":[82],"patenting":[88,200,238],"often":[90,227],"associated":[91,98],"with":[92,212],"capturing":[93],"competitive":[94],"advantage,":[95],"goals":[99],"preventing":[101],"copying,":[103],"securing":[104],"financing,":[105],"enhancing":[107],"reputation":[108],"-":[109,142,152,164],"although":[110,232,267],"again":[111,233],"these":[112],"other":[114],"motives":[115,189,235],"depend":[116],"on":[117],"firm":[118,242],"factors.":[121],"also":[123,216,251],"find":[124,194],"substantial":[125],"differences":[126],"roles":[129],"played":[130],"by":[131],"biotechnology":[137],"device":[140],"sectors":[141],"where":[143,165],"commonly":[147],"used":[148],"considered":[150],"important":[151],"as":[153],"compared":[154],"to":[155,176,222,229,236,241,248,273],"those":[156,178,207],"operating":[157],"software":[160],"fields":[163,181],"they":[166],"less":[168],"useful.":[169],"Interestingly,":[170],"venture-backed":[171,203],"hardware":[173],"tend":[175],"resemble":[177],"health-related":[180],"terms":[183],"their":[185],"use":[186],"patenting.":[191],"generally":[193,252],"a":[195],"wide":[196],"disparity":[197],"between":[198],"behavior":[201],"not":[210,221],"funded":[211],"venture":[213],"capital.":[214],"that,":[218],"when":[219],"choosing":[220],"patent":[223,257],"major":[224],"innovations,":[225],"cite":[228],"cost":[230],"considerations,":[231],"forgo":[237],"differ":[239,271],"according":[240,272],"characteristics.":[245],"The":[246],"respondents":[247],"our":[249],"survey":[250],"checking":[255],"literature":[258],"licensing":[260],"from":[262],"others":[263],"reasonably":[265],"common,":[266],"there":[268],"too":[269],"results":[270],"context.":[275],"Other":[276],"findings":[277],"discussed.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}
