{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122655844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12001","title":"POLITICIANS AT WORK: THE PRIVATE RETURNS AND SOCIAL COSTS OF POLITICAL CONNECTIONS","display_name":"POLITICIANS AT WORK: THE PRIVATE RETURNS AND SOCIAL COSTS OF POLITICAL CONNECTIONS","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122655844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12001","mag":"3122655844"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/jeea.12001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165087003","display_name":"Journal of the European Economic Association","issn_l":"1542-4766","issn":["1542-4766","1542-4774"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the European Economic Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1478489","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042074689","display_name":"Federico Cingano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5177-7264","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5177-7264"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103737770","display_name":"Bank of Italy","ror":"https://ror.org/03v2nbx43","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103737770"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Cingano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bank of Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bank of Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103737770"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063890448","display_name":"Paolo Pinotti","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71209653","display_name":"Bocconi University","ror":"https://ror.org/05crjpb27","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71209653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Pinotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 Bocconi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 Bocconi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71209653"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3540,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4668},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":254.98,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":562,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99993563,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"433","last_page":"465"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12225","display_name":"Political Influence and Corporate Strategies","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12225","display_name":"Political Influence and Corporate Strategies","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11042","display_name":"Corruption and Economic Development","score":0.06520000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11823","display_name":"Natural Resources and Economic Development","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-connections","display_name":"political connections","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-power","display_name":"market power","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-procurement","display_name":"public procurement","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corruption","display_name":"corruption","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-expenditure","display_name":"government spending","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-goods-provision","display_name":"public goods provision","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-productivity","display_name":"firm productivity","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/italian-firms","display_name":"Italian firms","score":0.5559999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.7024469375610352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.6789330244064331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6749051809310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5666237473487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5303295850753784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191172861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899321","display_name":"Upstream (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5076853036880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780027415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524648","display_name":"Language change","level":2,"score":0.49537336826324463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162222271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92779871","display_name":"Public good","level":2,"score":0.48933857679367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.469089150428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4644339978694916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775881736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1274157","display_name":"Market power","level":3,"score":0.42888760566711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178667848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779660","display_name":"Private good","level":3,"score":0.420210599899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.4038974642753601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3979187607765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2862234115600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.2725710868835449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.13726919889450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.125459223985672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09510064125061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781127519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43637","display_name":"Monopoly","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/jeea.12001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165087003","display_name":"Journal of the European Economic Association","issn_l":"1542-4766","issn":["1542-4766","1542-4774"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the European Economic Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.1478489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1478489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1478489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bdi:wptemi:td_709_09","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/temi-discussione/2009/2009-0709/en_tema_709.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/temi-discussione/2009/2009-0709/en_tema_709.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:3122655844","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:bdi:wptemi:td_709_09","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bla:jeurec:v:11:y:2013:i:2:p:433-465","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/jeea.12001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unibocconi.it:11565/3731823","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11565/3731823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055170","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Bocconi","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.1478489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1478489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1478489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7257999777793884},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8100000023841858}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":145,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W233209460","https://openalex.org/W1480899479","https://openalex.org/W1483768406","https://openalex.org/W1486212401","https://openalex.org/W1490318129","https://openalex.org/W1492959379","https://openalex.org/W1531839740","https://openalex.org/W1550326128","https://openalex.org/W1558536031","https://openalex.org/W1570823546","https://openalex.org/W1586260638","https://openalex.org/W1589319523","https://openalex.org/W1591559995","https://openalex.org/W1591565386","https://openalex.org/W1601847710","https://openalex.org/W1602064638","https://openalex.org/W1604385706","https://openalex.org/W1761852210","https://openalex.org/W1876205738","https://openalex.org/W1892870088","https://openalex.org/W1961320983","https://openalex.org/W1964819758","https://openalex.org/W1965087332","https://openalex.org/W1965353414","https://openalex.org/W1968666074","https://openalex.org/W1970956688","https://openalex.org/W1972065210","https://openalex.org/W1976160011","https://openalex.org/W1978424309","https://openalex.org/W1978574164","https://openalex.org/W1987668929","https://openalex.org/W1990889500","https://openalex.org/W1995052476","https://openalex.org/W1999005361","https://openalex.org/W1999067955","https://openalex.org/W1999322933","https://openalex.org/W2002030205","https://openalex.org/W2003477026","https://openalex.org/W2005269096","https://openalex.org/W2009572833","https://openalex.org/W2010559781","https://openalex.org/W2011502307","https://openalex.org/W2013558176","https://openalex.org/W2020557607","https://openalex.org/W2027838877","https://openalex.org/W2030132760","https://openalex.org/W2031455469","https://openalex.org/W2031551780","https://openalex.org/W2035558616","https://openalex.org/W2054972192","https://openalex.org/W2056054564","https://openalex.org/W2057811978","https://openalex.org/W2061343775","https://openalex.org/W2074184944","https://openalex.org/W2076875561","https://openalex.org/W2077919487","https://openalex.org/W2096925447","https://openalex.org/W2098105941","https://openalex.org/W2098470943","https://openalex.org/W2102771957","https://openalex.org/W2107729441","https://openalex.org/W2116943185","https://openalex.org/W2117086116","https://openalex.org/W2120822293","https://openalex.org/W2123167722","https://openalex.org/W2129678864","https://openalex.org/W2130796440","https://openalex.org/W2133591639","https://openalex.org/W2134472446","https://openalex.org/W2136647651","https://openalex.org/W2137059732","https://openalex.org/W2139318206","https://openalex.org/W2142328211","https://openalex.org/W2143584325","https://openalex.org/W2145706046","https://openalex.org/W2146234777","https://openalex.org/W2149404498","https://openalex.org/W2151123796","https://openalex.org/W2152135159","https://openalex.org/W2152206674","https://openalex.org/W2156338381","https://openalex.org/W2158963732","https://openalex.org/W2165470657","https://openalex.org/W2171531828","https://openalex.org/W2218948874","https://openalex.org/W2234258833","https://openalex.org/W2548687046","https://openalex.org/W2753335427","https://openalex.org/W2890026952","https://openalex.org/W2924211873","https://openalex.org/W3021040265","https://openalex.org/W3023875755","https://openalex.org/W3023877969","https://openalex.org/W3024358929","https://openalex.org/W3024840714","https://openalex.org/W3121177697","https://openalex.org/W3121180225","https://openalex.org/W3121187591","https://openalex.org/W3121235470","https://openalex.org/W3121250132","https://openalex.org/W3121283103","https://openalex.org/W3121290046","https://openalex.org/W3121335362","https://openalex.org/W3121409021","https://openalex.org/W3121421643","https://openalex.org/W3121440286","https://openalex.org/W3121638721","https://openalex.org/W3121813873","https://openalex.org/W3121830792","https://openalex.org/W3121852491","https://openalex.org/W3121931267","https://openalex.org/W3121968053","https://openalex.org/W3121991441","https://openalex.org/W3122003031","https://openalex.org/W3122199437","https://openalex.org/W3122376305","https://openalex.org/W3122513589","https://openalex.org/W3122518303","https://openalex.org/W3122562632","https://openalex.org/W3122655844","https://openalex.org/W3122751115","https://openalex.org/W3123058673","https://openalex.org/W3123144636","https://openalex.org/W3123328250","https://openalex.org/W3123481028","https://openalex.org/W3123843329","https://openalex.org/W3124085865","https://openalex.org/W3124106603","https://openalex.org/W3124121358","https://openalex.org/W3124416398","https://openalex.org/W3124447454","https://openalex.org/W3124458897","https://openalex.org/W3124494258","https://openalex.org/W3124641579","https://openalex.org/W3124693017","https://openalex.org/W3124748426","https://openalex.org/W3124988569","https://openalex.org/W3125012867","https://openalex.org/W3125424168","https://openalex.org/W3126071865","https://openalex.org/W3188530411","https://openalex.org/W4242295798","https://openalex.org/W4248128033","https://openalex.org/W4252505748","https://openalex.org/W6629206369"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3033413855","https://openalex.org/W2790630030","https://openalex.org/W2594710693","https://openalex.org/W2278026614","https://openalex.org/W7095104823","https://openalex.org/W7111986334","https://openalex.org/W4319454995","https://openalex.org/W1861535838","https://openalex.org/W3147640964","https://openalex.org/W7110529736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,130],"quantify":[1],"the":[2,32,41,48,91,116,135],"private":[3],"returns":[4],"and":[5,72,95,107],"social":[6],"costs":[7],"of":[8,25,34,110,137],"political":[9,53],"connections":[10,54],"exploiting":[11],"a":[12,22],"unique":[13],"longitudinal":[14],"dataset":[15],"that":[16,115],"combines":[17],"matched":[18],"employer-employee":[19],"data":[20],"for":[21,87,90],"representative":[23],"sample":[24],"Italian":[26],"firms":[27],"with":[28],"administrative":[29],"archives":[30],"on":[31,58],"universe":[33],"individuals":[35],"appointed":[36],"in":[37,65,70,79,100,118],"local":[38],"governments":[39],"over":[40],"period":[42],"1985-97.":[43],"According":[44],"to":[45,56,77,98],"our":[46],"results,":[47],"revenue":[49],"premium":[50,84],"granted":[51],"by":[52,103,140],"amounts":[55],"5%":[57],"average,":[59],"it":[60,73],"is":[61,74,85],"obtained":[62],"through":[63],"changes":[64],"domestic":[66],"sales":[67],"but":[68],"not":[69,75],"exports,":[71],"related":[76],"improvements":[78],"firm":[80],"productivity.":[81],"The":[82],"connection":[83],"positive":[86],"upstream":[88],"producers":[89],"public":[92,105,123,138],"administration":[93],"only,":[94],"larger":[96],"(up":[97],"25%)":[99],"areas":[101],"characterized":[102],"high":[104,108],"expenditure":[106],"levels":[109],"corruption.":[111],"These":[112],"findings":[113],"suggest":[114],"gains":[117],"market":[119],"power":[120],"derive":[121],"from":[122],"demand":[124],"shifts":[125,133],"towards":[126],"politically":[127],"connected":[128],"firms.":[129],"estimate":[131],"such":[132],"reduce":[134],"provision":[136],"goods":[139],"approximately":[141],"20%.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":87},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":60}],"updated_date":"2026-10-21T09:56:26.102985","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}
