{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122636688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz007","title":"Blockchain Disruption and Smart Contracts","display_name":"Blockchain Disruption and Smart Contracts","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122636688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz007","mag":"3122636688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/rfs/hhz007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170137484","display_name":"Review of Financial Studies","issn_l":"0893-9454","issn":["0893-9454","1465-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Review of Financial Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2985764","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080547297","display_name":"Lin William Cong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2617-2367","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2617-2367"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["SG","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lin William Cong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, 616 Thurston Ave, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States","Nanyang Technological University, 48 Nanyang Ave SHHK-04-19, Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Singapore, 639818, Singapore","Booth School of Business, University of Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, 616 Thurston Ave, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, 48 Nanyang Ave SHHK-04-19, Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Singapore, 639818, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Booth School of Business, University of Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089595588","display_name":"Zhiguo He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3762-5119","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3762-5119","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0076-1488"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiguo He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University - Knight Management Center, 655 Knight Way, Stanford, CA 94305-7298, United States","Booth School of Business, University of Chicago Booth School and NBER"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University - Knight Management Center, 655 Knight Way, Stanford, CA 94305-7298, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Booth School of Business, University of Chicago Booth School and NBER","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jingtao Zheng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingtao Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080547297"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005","https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I40347166"],"apc_list":{"value":4028,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4028},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":77.1963,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1277,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99942732,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"5","first_page":"1754","last_page":"1797"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13475","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Law","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"blockchain","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contracts","display_name":"smart contracts","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralized-consensus","display_name":"decentralized consensus","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-asymmetry","display_name":"information asymmetry","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collusion","display_name":"collusion","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-entry","display_name":"market entry","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"competition","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welfare","display_name":"welfare","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-surplus","display_name":"consumer surplus","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-policy","display_name":"competition policy","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"industrial organization","score":0.6570000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q701521","display_name":"Collusion","level":2,"score":0.9280755519866943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136810230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961","display_name":"Decentralization","level":2,"score":0.7504170536994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7127447724342346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6835516691207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137577040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431965","display_name":"Information asymmetry","level":2,"score":0.6819361448287964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167393938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268617","display_name":"Economic surplus","level":3,"score":0.5092493295669556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.49378499388694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992867849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851147","display_name":"Consumer welfare","level":3,"score":0.4794398844242096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.47634461522102356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4742278754711151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4308997690677643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106485872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5088884","display_name":"Cheap talk","level":2,"score":0.4249635338783264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.42169392108917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.36545073986053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.341798335313797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2114030122756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19875365495681763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.18333205580711365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/rfs/hhz007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170137484","display_name":"Review of Financial Studies","issn_l":"0893-9454","issn":["0893-9454","1465-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Review of Financial Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2985764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2985764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2985764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24399","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w24399.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w24399.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oup:rfinst:v:32:y:2019:i:5:p:1754-1797.","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/rfs/hhz007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2985764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2985764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2985764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46149998903274536,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G591250148","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71503183","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489741075","https://openalex.org/W1567448068","https://openalex.org/W1580191282","https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W1994352088","https://openalex.org/W1997911919","https://openalex.org/W2016995324","https://openalex.org/W2022730840","https://openalex.org/W2071080659","https://openalex.org/W2087660433","https://openalex.org/W2091869658","https://openalex.org/W2126160338","https://openalex.org/W2129881428","https://openalex.org/W2138595148","https://openalex.org/W2154505708","https://openalex.org/W2155300024","https://openalex.org/W2168876164","https://openalex.org/W2188530018","https://openalex.org/W2295506186","https://openalex.org/W2313896093","https://openalex.org/W2527797060","https://openalex.org/W2598801365","https://openalex.org/W2626692761","https://openalex.org/W2705871083","https://openalex.org/W2734940320","https://openalex.org/W2738122318","https://openalex.org/W2751010069","https://openalex.org/W2752726215","https://openalex.org/W2768171704","https://openalex.org/W2768978272","https://openalex.org/W2769147736","https://openalex.org/W2790611468","https://openalex.org/W2794835353","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2895485960","https://openalex.org/W2912963148","https://openalex.org/W3121587833","https://openalex.org/W3122067257","https://openalex.org/W3123597155","https://openalex.org/W3123946675","https://openalex.org/W3124177125","https://openalex.org/W3125698360","https://openalex.org/W3126104212","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4229083642","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4253813917","https://openalex.org/W6835540395"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391465896","https://openalex.org/W2894022234","https://openalex.org/W4406308265","https://openalex.org/W4210825609","https://openalex.org/W2886028293","https://openalex.org/W3203712360","https://openalex.org/W3203320201","https://openalex.org/W2913375115","https://openalex.org/W3205837949","https://openalex.org/W7160910249"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":184},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":213},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":168},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":170},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":160},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":152},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":125},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}