{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122593087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa013","title":"Monopolizing War: Codifying the Laws of War to Reassert Governmental Authority, 1856\u20131874","display_name":"Monopolizing War: Codifying the Laws of War to Reassert Governmental Authority, 1856\u20131874","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122593087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa013","mag":"3122593087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ejil/chaa013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175405714","display_name":"European Journal of International Law","issn_l":"0938-5428","issn":["0938-5428","1464-3596"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of International Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2985781","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014015181","display_name":"Ey\u0101l Benveni\u015bt\u00ee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4568-9991","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4568-9991"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197251160","display_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxff017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB","IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eyal Benvenisti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel","Jesus College, Cambridge, United Kingdom","Whewell Professor of International Law and Director of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law, University of Cambridge"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jesus College, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Whewell Professor of International Law and Director of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law, University of Cambridge","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035036006","display_name":"Doreen Lustig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2053-8820","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2053-8820"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Doreen Lustig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel Aviv University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014015181"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160","https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":{"value":2919,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3849},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.5924,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99163274,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"127","last_page":"169"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.8529999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.8529999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13938","display_name":"Historical and Contemporary Political Dynamics","score":0.04540000110864639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14492","display_name":"War, Law, and Justice","score":0.019500000402331352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-humanitarian-law","display_name":"international humanitarian law","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-society","display_name":"civil society","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-authority","display_name":"state authority","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/franco-prussian-war","display_name":"Franco-Prussian War","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paris-commune","display_name":"Paris Commune","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nationalism","display_name":"nationalism","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socialism","display_name":"socialism","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revolutionary-movements","display_name":"revolutionary movements","score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-diplomacy","display_name":"European diplomacy","score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/19th-century-international-law","display_name":"19th-century international law","score":0.6850000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.7519128322601318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.5349116921424866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5209611654281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521449643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6235","display_name":"Nationalism","level":3,"score":0.46578899025917053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780326160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592592","display_name":"Enlightenment","level":2,"score":0.4585454761981964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.4504948854446411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778573023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381148","display_name":"International humanitarian law","level":3,"score":0.44839537143707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4455816149711609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4448031187057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4428936839103699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779100428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133536","display_name":"Geneva Conventions","level":4,"score":0.43578264117240906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.36874550580978394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ejil/chaa013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175405714","display_name":"European Journal of International Law","issn_l":"0938-5428","issn":["0938-5428","1464-3596"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of International Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2985781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2985781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2985781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/315855","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/315855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.17863/cam.62966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.62966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.62966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050737","display_name":"Apollo","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2985781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2985781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2985781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7687178752","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1027/13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322252","funder_display_name":"Israel Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322252","display_name":"Israel Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04sazxf24"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1579047875","https://openalex.org/W2315503544","https://openalex.org/W2317176519","https://openalex.org/W2604302878","https://openalex.org/W2608956683","https://openalex.org/W2776054189","https://openalex.org/W3049650632","https://openalex.org/W3146320345","https://openalex.org/W3148098380","https://openalex.org/W3200503322","https://openalex.org/W3213567236","https://openalex.org/W4212802127","https://openalex.org/W4213091837","https://openalex.org/W4230650544","https://openalex.org/W4231433321","https://openalex.org/W4237514588","https://openalex.org/W4238172458","https://openalex.org/W4238474507","https://openalex.org/W4244610812","https://openalex.org/W4247433001","https://openalex.org/W4248106560","https://openalex.org/W4252567263","https://openalex.org/W4253025859","https://openalex.org/W4255072562","https://openalex.org/W4256237926","https://openalex.org/W4256715612"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3123230346","https://openalex.org/W4256418979","https://openalex.org/W6924438190","https://openalex.org/W6982256536","https://openalex.org/W7098428006","https://openalex.org/W3194765865","https://openalex.org/W2258918546","https://openalex.org/W2505163537","https://openalex.org/W2488650877","https://openalex.org/W659162137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"this":[2],"article,":[3],"we":[4],"challenge":[5],"the":[6,17,44,52,55,68,79,83,87,106,110,114,129,133,141,145,187,194,202,213,221,228,233,239,246,252,255,260,265,278,291,296],"canonical":[7],"narrative":[8,22],"about":[9],"civil":[10,72,100],"society\u2019s":[11],"efforts":[12],"to":[13,32,105,116,154,162,168,172,208,211,227,254,273],"discipline":[14],"warfare":[15],"during":[16],"mid-19th":[18],"century":[19],"\u2013":[20,176],"a":[21,103],"of":[23,26,29,54,71,82,85,89,112,119,143,148,196,236,245,258,267,293,298],"progressive":[24],"evolution":[25],"Enlightenment-inspired":[27],"laws":[28,84,142,266],"war,":[30,86,113,144],"later":[31],"be":[33,288],"termed":[34],"international":[35,49,134,209],"humanitarian":[36,96],"law.":[37],"Conversely,":[38],"our":[39],"historical":[40],"account":[41],"shows":[42],"how":[43],"debate":[45],"over":[46,109],"participation":[47],"in":[48,124,132,139,220,232],"law-making":[50],"and":[51,59,63,205,216,238,276,295],"content":[53,88],"law":[56,210],"reflected":[57],"social":[58],"political":[60],"tensions":[61],"within":[62],"between":[64],"European":[65,150],"states.":[66],"While":[67],"multifaceted":[69],"influence":[70],"society":[73,101],"was":[74,152],"an":[75],"important":[76],"catalyst":[77],"for":[78],"inter-governmental":[80],"codification":[81,91,118],"that":[90,186,284],"did":[92],"not":[93,153],"simply":[94],"reflect":[95],"sensibilities.":[97],"Rather,":[98],"as":[99,128],"posed":[102],"threat":[104],"governmental":[107],"monopoly":[108],"regulation":[111],"turn":[115],"inter-state":[117],"IHL":[120],"also":[121],"assisted":[122],"governments":[123,151],"securing":[125],"their":[126,174,179],"authority":[127],"sole":[130],"regulators":[131],"terrain.":[135],"We":[136,183],"argue":[137,185],"that,":[138],"codifying":[140],"main":[146],"concern":[147,188],"key":[149],"protect":[155,163],"civilians":[156,166,272],"from":[157,165,290],"combatants\u2019":[158],"fire,":[159],"but":[160,242],"rather":[161],"combatants":[164],"eager":[167],"take":[169],"up":[170],"arms":[171],"defend":[173],"nation":[175],"even":[177],"against":[178],"own":[180],"governments\u2019":[181],"wishes.":[182],"further":[184],"with":[189],"placing":[190],"\u2018a":[191],"gun":[192],"on":[193,264],"shoulder":[195],"every":[197],"socialist\u2019":[198],"extended":[199],"far":[200],"beyond":[201],"battlefield.":[203],"Monarchs":[204],"emperors":[206],"turned":[207],"put":[212],"dreaded":[214],"nationalist":[215],"revolutionary":[217],"genies":[218],"back":[219],"bottle.":[222],"These":[223,249],"concerns":[224],"were":[225],"brought":[226],"fore":[229],"most":[230],"forcefully":[231],"Franco-Prussian":[234],"War":[235],"1870\u20131871":[237],"subsequent":[240],"short-lived,":[241],"violent,":[243],"rise":[244],"Paris":[247],"Commune.":[248],"events":[250],"formed":[251],"backdrop":[253],"Brussels":[256],"Declaration":[257,270],"1874,":[259],"first":[261],"comprehensive":[262],"text":[263],"war.":[268],"This":[269],"exposed":[271],"war\u2019s":[274],"harms":[275],"supported":[277],"growing":[279],"capitalist":[280],"economy":[281],"by":[282],"ensuring":[283],"market":[285],"interests":[286],"would":[287],"protected":[289],"scourge":[292],"war":[294],"consequences":[297],"defeat.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}