{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122508745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3609863","title":"Optimal Patent Policy for Pharmaceutical Industry","display_name":"Optimal Patent Policy for Pharmaceutical Industry","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122508745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3609863","mag":"3122508745"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.3609863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3609863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3609863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/10024/177356/1/VATT-WP131.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074040536","display_name":"Olena Izhak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9561-9222","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9561-9222"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44260953","display_name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf","ror":"https://ror.org/024z2rq82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olena Izhak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf - Duesseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE), Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf, NRW 40225, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9561-9222","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf - Duesseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE), Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf, NRW 40225, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032756347","display_name":"Tanja Saxell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-0894","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-0894"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101707","display_name":"VATT Institute for Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/017qjec28","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101707"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tanja Saxell","raw_affiliation_strings":["VATT, Arkadiankatu 7, P.O Box 1279, Helsinki, FIN-00531, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VATT, Arkadiankatu 7, P.O Box 1279, Helsinki, FIN-00531, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101707"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020134170","display_name":"Tuomas Takalo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2292-4290","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2292-4290"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181188550","display_name":"Bank of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04j3r8z61","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181188550"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuomas Takalo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bank of Finland, P.O. Box 160, Helsinki 00101, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2292-4290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bank of Finland, P.O. Box 160, Helsinki 00101, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181188550"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032756347"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101707"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.023099999874830246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-policy","display_name":"patent policy","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-patents","display_name":"pharmaceutical patents","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-duration","display_name":"patent duration","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-scope","display_name":"patent scope","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generic-drug-entry","display_name":"generic drug entry","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-reform","display_name":"patent law reform","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-examination","display_name":"patent examination","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-applications","display_name":"patent applications","score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"intellectual property","score":0.42100000381469727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777206241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194431","display_name":"Paragraph","level":2,"score":0.8769632577896118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.794609010219574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779652045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507443","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry","level":2,"score":0.727377712726593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5640960931777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.5456184148788452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984145337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253623","display_name":"Patent law","level":3,"score":0.5206836462020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.449541300535202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2115989327430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.1778068244457245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16673648357391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.15488114953041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1370425522327423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11281400918960571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.3609863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3609863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3609863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.doria.fi:10024/177356","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/177356","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196760","display_name":"Doria (University of Helsinki)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","host_organization_name":"University of Helsinki","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"B Vertaisarvioimattomat tieteelliset kirjoitukset"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:fer:wpaper:131","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/177356","pdf_url":"https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/10024/177356/1/VATT-WP131.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:3122508745","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ideas.repec.org/p/fer/wpaper/131.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:fer:wpaper:131","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/177356","pdf_url":"https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/10024/177356/1/VATT-WP131.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311795","display_name":"Yrj\u00f6 Jahnssonin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","ror":"https://ror.org/0574hzg66"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122508745.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122508745.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206769924","https://openalex.org/W2310845842","https://openalex.org/W2102949342","https://openalex.org/W4286622595","https://openalex.org/W2131058884","https://openalex.org/W2559777552","https://openalex.org/W2891031931","https://openalex.org/W38630709","https://openalex.org/W3156007872","https://openalex.org/W2044185096"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}