{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122005448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24926/15529541.3664","title":"The Open Source Biotechnology Movement: Is It Patent Misuse?","display_name":"The Open Source Biotechnology Movement: Is It Patent Misuse?","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122005448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24926/15529541.3664","mag":"3122005448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24926/15529541.3664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24926/15529541.3664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24926/15529541.3664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393917561","display_name":"Minnesota journal of law science & technology","issn_l":"1552-9533","issn":["1552-9533","1552-9541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minnesota journal of law, science & technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.545082","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052633040","display_name":"Robin Feldman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3453-134X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3453-134X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088377","display_name":"University of California Hastings College of the Law","ror":"https://ror.org/006dpe828","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088377"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robin Feldman","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Hastings Law, 200 McAllister Street, San Francisco, CA 94102, United States","University of California-Hastings College of the Law"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3453-134X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Hastings Law, 200 McAllister Street, San Francisco, CA 94102, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088377"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California-Hastings College of the Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088377"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052633040"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088377"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3075,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96517375,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"117","last_page":"117"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.8446999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.8446999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.11720000207424164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.011599999852478504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-misuse","display_name":"patent abuse","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copyleft","display_name":"copyleft","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-policy","display_name":"patent policy","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-of-reason","display_name":"rule of reason","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-law","display_name":"competition law","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-thickets","display_name":"patent thickets","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-domain","display_name":"public domain","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-licensing","display_name":"patent licensing","score":0.621999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6808773875236511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","level":2,"score":0.6589875817298889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512654426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19652","display_name":"Public domain","level":2,"score":0.5745167136192322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5597133636474609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.48961812257766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148415826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469997","display_name":"Open innovation","level":2,"score":0.4712389409542084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.4273757338523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.4229901134967804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3684529662132263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3255216181278229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.30024102330207825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16598773002624512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1533958911895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13948911428451538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24926/15529541.3664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24926/15529541.3664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24926/15529541.3664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393917561","display_name":"Minnesota journal of law science & technology","issn_l":"1552-9533","issn":["1552-9533","1552-9541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minnesota journal of law, science & technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.545082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.545082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.545082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:conservancy.umn.edu:11299/152883","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://purl.umn.edu/152883","pdf_url":"https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstreams/2b8e9b04-9fef-4aef-8356-e06dcf5fb456/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402521","display_name":"University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.uchastings.edu:faculty_scholarship-1163","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_scholarship/164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.umn.edu:mjlst-1305","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mjlst/vol6/iss1/4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196712","display_name":"University of Minnesota Law School Scholarship Repository (University of Minnesota)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/505836","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/505836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"278415","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3122005448","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/152883/ahc_asset_365904.pdf;sequence=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393917561","display_name":"Minnesota journal of law science & technology","issn_l":"1552-9533","issn":["1552-9533","1552-9541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Minnesota journal of law, science & technology","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.545082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.545082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.545082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4943999946117401,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122005448.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122005448.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W370927472","https://openalex.org/W1635838019","https://openalex.org/W2168751125","https://openalex.org/W2761414912","https://openalex.org/W3125173620","https://openalex.org/W4233286574","https://openalex.org/W4234121503","https://openalex.org/W4238836840","https://openalex.org/W4245783103","https://openalex.org/W4248499064","https://openalex.org/W4252868599","https://openalex.org/W4255717104","https://openalex.org/W4256235921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2792633736","https://openalex.org/W1606716440","https://openalex.org/W6906319655","https://openalex.org/W2523388652","https://openalex.org/W3190143718","https://openalex.org/W2790230566","https://openalex.org/W1963536057","https://openalex.org/W3002536836","https://openalex.org/W50619754","https://openalex.org/W2299642602"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fledgling":[0],"efforts":[1],"exist":[2],"to":[3,39,113,122,214],"establish":[4],"open-source":[5],"projects":[6],"in":[7,15],"biotechnology.":[8],"Following":[9],"copyleft,":[10],"participants":[11],"agree":[12],"that":[13,47,159,231],"advances":[14],"the":[16,24,41,44,53,56,75,88,105,114,126,130,170,180,216,224,232,243],"technology":[17],"must":[18],"remain":[19,234],"as":[20,23,35,201],"openly":[21,235],"available":[22,112],"original":[25,57],"technology.":[26],"Such":[27],"agreements":[28],"implicate":[29],"patent":[30,70,83,102,119,172,176,188],"misuse,":[31],"which":[32,108],"is":[33,72,99,110,116,211],"defined":[34],"an":[36,192],"impermissible":[37],"attempt":[38],"expand":[40],"scope":[42],"of":[43,52,55,87,91,96,169,183,218,226],"patent.":[45],"Given":[46],"advancements":[48,62],"were":[49],"not":[50,212],"part":[51],"teachings":[54],"patent,":[58],"restrictions":[59],"on":[60],"those":[61],"may":[63,139],"constitute":[64],"misuse.":[65],"The":[66,93,207],"proper":[67],"test":[68],"for":[69,129],"misuse":[71],"unclear.":[73],"Therefore,":[74],"article":[76],"applies":[77],"two":[78],"possible":[79],"tests:":[80],"inconsistency":[81],"with":[82,101,118],"policy":[84],"and":[85,150,178],"violation":[86],"antitrust":[89,193],"rule":[90],"reason.":[92],"overall":[94],"effect":[95],"open":[97,136,165,195,208],"source":[98,137,166,196,209],"consistent":[100,117],"policy.":[103],"Accelerating":[104],"moment":[106],"at":[107],"knowledge":[109],"widely":[111],"public":[115,127,131],"policy's":[120],"design":[121],"bring":[123],"inventions":[124],"into":[125],"domain":[128],"benefit.":[132],"In":[133],"addition,":[134],"although":[135],"biotechnology":[138],"decrease":[140],"some":[141],"downstream":[142,147,152],"economic":[143],"rewards,":[144],"it":[145],"increases":[146,151],"non-economic":[148],"rewards":[149],"innovation":[153,157],"by":[154,174,229,242],"exploiting":[155],"untapped":[156],"resources":[158],"traditional":[160,187],"patenting":[161],"cannot":[162],"reach.":[163],"Finally,":[164],"reduces":[167],"harms":[168],"current":[171],"system":[173],"reducing":[175,205],"thickets":[177],"avoiding":[179],"short-term":[181],"restriction":[182],"supply":[184,217,225],"anticipated":[185],"under":[186],"licensing.":[189],"Similarly,":[190],"from":[191],"perspective,":[194],"effects":[197,238],"are":[198,240],"better":[199],"characterized":[200],"increasing":[202],"rather":[203,222],"than":[204],"supply.":[206],"group":[210],"trying":[213],"restrict":[215],"biotech":[219],"tools":[220,228,233],"but":[221],"increase":[223],"such":[227],"ensuring":[230],"available.":[236],"Anticompetitive":[237],"also":[239],"outweighed":[241],"pro-competitive":[244],"benefits.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}