{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3121998443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20160218","title":"Cap and Escape in Trade Agreements","display_name":"Cap and Escape in Trade Agreements","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3121998443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20160218","mag":"3121998443"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1257/mic.20160218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20160218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20160218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96919139","display_name":"American Economic Journal Microeconomics","issn_l":"1945-7669","issn":["1945-7669","1945-7685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Journal: Microeconomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001046297","display_name":"Mostafa Beshkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4777-6052","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4777-6052"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa Beshkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor of Economics, Indiana University, 100 S. Woodlawn Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405 (email: )"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor of Economics, Indiana University, 100 S. Woodlawn Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405 (email: )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080977769","display_name":"Eric W. Wirths Bond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7028-1125","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7028-1125"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric W. Bond","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joe L. Roby Professor of Economics, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235 (email: )"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joe L. Roby Professor of Economics, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235 (email: )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.7095,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97264809,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"171","last_page":"202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12156","display_name":"World Trade Organization Law","score":0.03240000084042549,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-agreements","display_name":"trade agreements","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gatt","display_name":"GATT","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-trade-organization","display_name":"World Trade Organization","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contingent-protection","display_name":"contingent protection","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verification-cost","display_name":"verification costs","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateral-trade-negotiations","display_name":"multilateral trade negotiations","score":0.5569999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.8925398588180542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.6009680032730103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.5592131614685059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993305921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8036315","display_name":"World trade","level":2,"score":0.5117447376251221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4897208511829376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4778968095779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.47759056091308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.42944034934043884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14694228768348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1257/mic.20160218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20160218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20160218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96919139","display_name":"American Economic Journal Microeconomics","issn_l":"1945-7669","issn":["1945-7669","1945-7685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Journal: Microeconomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:aea:aejmic:v:9:y:2017:i:4:p:171-202","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/mic.20160218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133109186","https://openalex.org/W1554630242","https://openalex.org/W1557837805","https://openalex.org/W1571214434","https://openalex.org/W1966770423","https://openalex.org/W2011566416","https://openalex.org/W2021216173","https://openalex.org/W2023591553","https://openalex.org/W2025024305","https://openalex.org/W2032300110","https://openalex.org/W2034703352","https://openalex.org/W2038670891","https://openalex.org/W2045665199","https://openalex.org/W2056181035","https://openalex.org/W2088775169","https://openalex.org/W2096264662","https://openalex.org/W2097801309","https://openalex.org/W2107212936","https://openalex.org/W2110033135","https://openalex.org/W2125863011","https://openalex.org/W2134182501","https://openalex.org/W2143513103","https://openalex.org/W2147560556","https://openalex.org/W2150522080","https://openalex.org/W2153515976","https://openalex.org/W2160041246","https://openalex.org/W2161140591","https://openalex.org/W2163049252","https://openalex.org/W2509489474","https://openalex.org/W2996215815","https://openalex.org/W3121500177","https://openalex.org/W3122515450","https://openalex.org/W3122771926","https://openalex.org/W3123245072","https://openalex.org/W3123373508","https://openalex.org/W3124205863","https://openalex.org/W3124847469","https://openalex.org/W3125153719","https://openalex.org/W4233255451","https://openalex.org/W4250306699","https://openalex.org/W4298863114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2443075359","https://openalex.org/W2125863011","https://openalex.org/W7010062251","https://openalex.org/W2509489474","https://openalex.org/W2109949680","https://openalex.org/W1488478009","https://openalex.org/W7096395904","https://openalex.org/W2161140591","https://openalex.org/W2980461349","https://openalex.org/W3121500177"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,83],"propose":[1],"a":[2,58],"model":[3],"of":[4,20,32,47,55,91,106],"flexible":[5],"trade":[6],"agreements":[7],"in":[8,103],"which":[9,25,38,113],"verifying":[10],"the":[11,30,33,48,72,78,92,96,104,110],"prevailing":[12],"contingencies":[13],"is":[14],"possible":[15],"but":[16,75],"costly.":[17],"Two":[18],"types":[19,54],"flexibility":[21,56,115],"emerge:":[22],"contingent":[23],"protection,":[24,37],"requires":[26,80],"governments":[27,40],"to":[28,41],"verify":[29],"state":[31,81],"world,":[34],"and":[35,64,101,109],"discretionary":[36],"allows":[39],"set":[42],"tariffs":[43,69],"unilaterally.":[44],"The":[45],"structure":[46],"GATT/WTO":[49,93],"agreement":[50],"provides":[51],"these":[52],"two":[53],"through":[57],"mechanism":[59],"that":[60,85],"we":[61],"call":[62],"Cap":[63],"Escape.":[65],"Governments":[66],"may":[67],"choose":[68],"unilaterally":[70],"below":[71],"negotiated":[73,107],"cap,":[74],"escaping":[76],"from":[77],"cap":[79],"verification.":[82],"show":[84],"this":[86],"framework":[87],"explains":[88],"key":[89],"features":[90],"agreements,":[94],"including":[95],"substantial":[97],"variation":[98],"across":[99],"sectors":[100],"countries":[102],"level":[105],"tariffs,":[108],"rate":[111],"at":[112],"different":[114],"measures":[116],"are":[117],"used.":[118],"(JEL":[119],"D86,":[120],"F11,":[121],"F13,":[122],"F41)":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}
