{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3121856259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.276","title":"Criminal law and behavioral law and economics: observations on the neglected role of uncertainty in deterring crime","display_name":"Criminal law and behavioral law and economics: observations on the neglected role of uncertainty in deterring crime","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3121856259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.276","mag":"3121856259"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/aler/1.1.276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.276","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53993439","display_name":"American Law and Economics Review","issn_l":"1465-7252","issn":["1465-7252","1465-7260"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Law and Economics Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.141876","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025724880","display_name":"Alon Harel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5122-9508","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5122-9508"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alon Harel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visiting Professor Columbia Law School ( 1998-1999 ),"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visiting Professor Columbia Law School ( 1998-1999 ),","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032694492","display_name":"Uzi Segal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3673-4519","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3673-4519"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uzi Segal","raw_affiliation_strings":["( Forthcoming in American Law and Economics Review"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"( Forthcoming in American Law and Economics Review","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4029,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4029},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55680829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"276","last_page":"312"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterrence","display_name":"deterrence","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-sanctions","display_name":"criminal sanctions","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty","display_name":"uncertainty","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-probability","display_name":"detection probability","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-conviction","display_name":"criminal conviction","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence-severity","display_name":"sentence severity","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-law","display_name":"criminal law","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-law-and-economics","display_name":"behavioral law and economics","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-psychology","display_name":"criminal psychology","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certainty-of-punishment","display_name":"certainty of punishment","score":0.39500001072883606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777278149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916183","display_name":"Conviction","level":2,"score":0.921112060546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7493553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520777","display_name":"Certainty","level":2,"score":0.8218225240707397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.6790192723274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5861148238182068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.5615259408950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780982575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332142","display_name":"Deterrence (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5210951566696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.47817856073379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909129154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916183","display_name":"Criminal Conviction","level":3,"score":0.4275967478752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.42530357837677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.38671165704727173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.37103116512298584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32283157110214233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14340266585350037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08514425158500671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0846005380153656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.08323466777801514}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/aler/1.1.276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.276","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53993439","display_name":"American Law and Economics Review","issn_l":"1465-7252","issn":["1465-7252","1465-7260"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Law and Economics Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.141876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.141876","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.141876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cdl:oplwec:qt2gx715nd","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2gx715nd.pdf;origin=repeccitec","pdf_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2gx715nd.pdf;origin=repeccitec","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.930.9623","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.930.9623","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2gx715nd.pdf%3Borigin%3Drepeccitec","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3121856259","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cdl:oplwec:qt2gx715nd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cdl:oplwec:1014","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=blewp","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt2gx715nd","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2gx715nd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt2gx715nd","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2gx715nd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Harel, Alon; & Segal, Uzi. (1999). Criminal Law and Behavioral Law and Economics: Observations on the Neglected Role of Uncertainty in Deterring Crime. Berkeley Program in Law & Economics, Working Paper Series. UC Berkeley: Berkeley Program in Law and Economics. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2gx715nd","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.141876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.141876","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.141876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9200000166893005,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41780498","https://openalex.org/W71488985","https://openalex.org/W97168383","https://openalex.org/W217431593","https://openalex.org/W346893538","https://openalex.org/W588077912","https://openalex.org/W594785191","https://openalex.org/W609568127","https://openalex.org/W1492370395","https://openalex.org/W1507642037","https://openalex.org/W1577305080","https://openalex.org/W1585630739","https://openalex.org/W1599419837","https://openalex.org/W1792494105","https://openalex.org/W1835129351","https://openalex.org/W1925919775","https://openalex.org/W1988149130","https://openalex.org/W1997050590","https://openalex.org/W2005013476","https://openalex.org/W2006170553","https://openalex.org/W2010458688","https://openalex.org/W2027047704","https://openalex.org/W2028808710","https://openalex.org/W2087470807","https://openalex.org/W2120733867","https://openalex.org/W2133469585","https://openalex.org/W2152723158","https://openalex.org/W2205400080","https://openalex.org/W2335712501","https://openalex.org/W2485935406","https://openalex.org/W2605470240","https://openalex.org/W2797257575","https://openalex.org/W2798115505","https://openalex.org/W2802069592","https://openalex.org/W2808412971","https://openalex.org/W3011865677","https://openalex.org/W3048332137","https://openalex.org/W3121628088","https://openalex.org/W3124118285","https://openalex.org/W3142158037","https://openalex.org/W4252793310","https://openalex.org/W4301724415","https://openalex.org/W4302381532","https://openalex.org/W6611802552","https://openalex.org/W6722062621"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7130705421","https://openalex.org/W3037805711","https://openalex.org/W7120646608","https://openalex.org/W1603140219","https://openalex.org/W3123956894","https://openalex.org/W7096626841","https://openalex.org/W3121410722","https://openalex.org/W1510112142","https://openalex.org/W2954349039","https://openalex.org/W1507999149"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Criminal":[0],"sanctions":[1],"are":[2],"usually":[3],"public,":[4],"stable":[5],"and":[6,20,49,67,78,94],"predictable.":[7],"In":[8],"contrast,":[9],"the":[10,13,16,37,40,45,54,62,65,74,84],"practices":[11],"governing":[12],"determination":[14],"of":[15,18,39,47,64,76],"probability":[17,46,75],"detection":[19,48,77],"conviction":[21,50,79],"reinforce":[22],"uncertainty.":[23],"We":[24],"invoke":[25],"psychological":[26],"insights":[27],"to":[28,56,61,68,73],"illustrate":[29],"that":[30,86],"criminals":[31,93],"prefer":[32],"a":[33,88],"scheme":[34,89],"in":[35],"which":[36],"size":[38,63],"sentence":[41,66],"is":[42,51,90],"uncertain":[43],"while":[44],"certain.":[52],"Consequently,":[53],"choice":[55],"increase":[57],"certainty":[58,70],"with":[59,71],"respect":[60,72],"decrease":[69],"can":[80],"be":[81],"justified":[82],"on":[83],"grounds":[85],"such":[87],"disfavored":[91],"by":[92],"consequently":[95],"has":[96],"better":[97],"deterrent":[98],"effects.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}