{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3121366716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300720988250","title":"Teachers\u2019 Use of Specific, Contingent, and Varied Praise","display_name":"Teachers\u2019 Use of Specific, Contingent, and Varied Praise","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3121366716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300720988250","mag":"3121366716"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1098300720988250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300720988250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300720988250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27825752","display_name":"Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions","issn_l":"1098-3007","issn":["1098-3007","1538-4772"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014331999","display_name":"Andrew M. Markelz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1477-6566","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1477-6566"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198089087","display_name":"Ball State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00k6tx165","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Markelz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059270515","display_name":"Benjamin S. Riden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6733-1942","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6733-1942"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11883440","display_name":"James Madison University","ror":"https://ror.org/028pmsz77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Riden","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6733-1942","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061704021","display_name":"Margaret T. Floress","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2953-5343","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2953-5343"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153871386","display_name":"Eastern Illinois University","ror":"https://ror.org/035z2ew45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153871386"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret T. Floress","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153871386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049512224","display_name":"Kinga Balint\u2010Langel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9892-1163","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9892-1163"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115145","display_name":"University of Minnesota, Duluth","ror":"https://ror.org/01hy4qx27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kinga Balint-Langel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota Duluth, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota Duluth, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052249571","display_name":"Joshua A. Heath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6654-2732","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6654-2732"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198089087","display_name":"Ball State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00k6tx165","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Heath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6654-2732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038764201","display_name":"Shelby K. Pavelka","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198089087","display_name":"Ball State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00k6tx165","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shelby Pavelka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014331999"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7513,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94028592,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"110","last_page":"121"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10589","display_name":"Early Childhood Education and Development","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/praise","display_name":"praise","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contingent-praise","display_name":"contingent praise","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-behavior","display_name":"teacher behavior","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classroom-management","display_name":"classroom management","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-education-teachers","display_name":"special education teachers","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-education-teachers","display_name":"general education teachers","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pre-service-teachers","display_name":"pre-service teachers","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-school","display_name":"elementary school","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-behavior","display_name":"student behavior","score":0.6029999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775868214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208425","display_name":"Praise","level":2,"score":0.9977571368217468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7658315300941467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.46865004301071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.43658849596977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.42828595638275146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97508593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359069","display_name":"Contingency","level":2,"score":0.42591604590415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3573852777481079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3331739008426666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0646297037601471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1098300720988250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300720988250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300720988250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27825752","display_name":"Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions","issn_l":"1098-3007","issn":["1098-3007","1538-4772"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8278999924659729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W115354866","https://openalex.org/W646166345","https://openalex.org/W852383506","https://openalex.org/W1520809361","https://openalex.org/W1712655436","https://openalex.org/W1894201911","https://openalex.org/W1917432928","https://openalex.org/W1990741564","https://openalex.org/W2002896947","https://openalex.org/W2027598410","https://openalex.org/W2032278950","https://openalex.org/W2045840765","https://openalex.org/W2048815242","https://openalex.org/W2055171682","https://openalex.org/W2058499463","https://openalex.org/W2063085086","https://openalex.org/W2063531665","https://openalex.org/W2068705155","https://openalex.org/W2070030084","https://openalex.org/W2084957737","https://openalex.org/W2095767849","https://openalex.org/W2107050358","https://openalex.org/W2107796875","https://openalex.org/W2116395633","https://openalex.org/W2123255948","https://openalex.org/W2124932642","https://openalex.org/W2131915193","https://openalex.org/W2140113256","https://openalex.org/W2148434214","https://openalex.org/W2155377858","https://openalex.org/W2397254367","https://openalex.org/W2604085007","https://openalex.org/W2618656217","https://openalex.org/W2730770742","https://openalex.org/W2771233675","https://openalex.org/W2783427883","https://openalex.org/W2788231065","https://openalex.org/W2794784903","https://openalex.org/W2890855582","https://openalex.org/W2898540355","https://openalex.org/W2950893124","https://openalex.org/W2959110384","https://openalex.org/W2975576511","https://openalex.org/W3006856660","https://openalex.org/W3021448845","https://openalex.org/W3024299936","https://openalex.org/W3043909119","https://openalex.org/W3090194862","https://openalex.org/W3142830798","https://openalex.org/W3143725170","https://openalex.org/W4236193145","https://openalex.org/W4292854727"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3205654699","https://openalex.org/W7111870636","https://openalex.org/W4297542735","https://openalex.org/W2886569634","https://openalex.org/W2609283664","https://openalex.org/W3010984647","https://openalex.org/W1894201911","https://openalex.org/W2771233675","https://openalex.org/W2788231065","https://openalex.org/W2397254367"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Behavior-specific":[0],"praise":[1,23,39,91,110,122,131,141,162],"is":[2],"a":[3],"research-based":[4],"classroom":[5],"management":[6],"strategy":[7],"that":[8,24,143],"promotes":[9],"appropriate":[10],"student":[11,126,148],"behaviors.":[12,149],"Praise":[13,46],"specificity,":[14],"however,":[15,93],"may":[16,144],"not":[17,84,119],"be":[18],"the":[19,158],"only":[20],"characteristic":[21],"of":[22,34,44,48,103,109,130,139,160],"enhances":[25],"efficacy.":[26],"The":[27],"current":[28],"study":[29],"examined":[30],"teacher\u2019s":[31],"natural":[32,77],"use":[33,138],"specific,":[35],"contingent,":[36],"and":[37,63,90,105,152],"varied":[38],"to":[40],"understand":[41],"additional":[42],"qualities":[43],"praise.":[45,107],"statements":[47,123,142],"inservice":[49,56],"special":[50,65],"education":[51,58,67],"(":[52,59,69],"n":[53,60,70],"=":[54,61,71,114,135],"12),":[55],"general":[57,104],"13),":[62],"dual":[64],"education/general":[66],"preservice":[68],"17)":[72],"teachers":[73,117],"were":[74],"observed":[75],"in":[76,157],"elementary":[78],"school":[79],"settings.":[80],"Statistical":[81],"results":[82,95],"did":[83,118],"indicate":[85],"differences":[86],"between":[87],"teacher":[88,98],"groups":[89,99],"characteristics;":[92],"descriptive":[94],"demonstrate":[96],"all":[97],"delivered":[100],"low":[101],"rates":[102],"specific":[106],"Percentages":[108],"contingency":[111],"(average":[112,133],"range":[113,134],"59%\u201391.2%)":[115],"suggest":[116],"deliver":[120],"sufficient":[121],"contingent":[124],"on":[125,147],"behavior.":[127],"Furthermore,":[128],"percentages":[129],"variety":[132],"44.5%\u201357.7%)":[136],"show":[137],"repetitive":[140],"reduce":[145],"efficacy":[146],"These":[150],"findings":[151],"other":[153],"implications":[154],"are":[155],"discussed":[156],"context":[159],"future":[161],"research.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}