{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3119087503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3109944","title":"Quantum Internet\u2014Applications, Functionalities, Enabling Technologies, Challenges, and Research Directions","display_name":"Quantum Internet\u2014Applications, Functionalities, Enabling Technologies, Challenges, and Research Directions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3119087503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3109944","mag":"3119087503"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2021.3109944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3109944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3109944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3109944","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071272183","display_name":"Amoldeep Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8626-8133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8626-8133"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amoldeep Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India. (e-mail: abharee_phd17@thapar.edu)","Thapar University,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8626-8133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India. (e-mail: abharee_phd17@thapar.edu)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thapar University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064768354","display_name":"Kapal Dev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-8594","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-8594"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kapal Dev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of institute of intelligent systems, University of Johannesburg, South Africa","Department of Institute of Intelligent systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-8594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of institute of intelligent systems, University of Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Institute of Intelligent systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002074145","display_name":"Harun \u0160iljak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1371-2683","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1371-2683"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harun Siljak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland","Trinity College Dublin"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1371-2683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trinity College Dublin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067925764","display_name":"Hem Dutt Joshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7893-4941","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7893-4941"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hem Dutt Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India","Thapar University,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7893-4941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thapar University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026125746","display_name":"Maurizio Magarini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9288-0452","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9288-0452"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurizio Magarini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy","Polytechnic University of Milan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9288-0452","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"fwci":8.5324,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":156,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98396834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"2218","last_page":"2247"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-internet","display_name":"quantum internet","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-networks","display_name":"quantum networks","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"quantum cryptography","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"quantum key distribution","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubits","display_name":"qubits","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-entanglement","display_name":"quantum entanglement","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-teleportation","display_name":"quantum teleportation","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-based-quantum-communication","display_name":"satellite-based quantum communication","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-channels","display_name":"quantum channels","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-security","display_name":"quantum security","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computing","display_name":"quantum computing","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-metrology","display_name":"quantum metrology","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"eavesdropping","score":0.7179999947547913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6623647212982178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5320026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information science","level":4,"score":0.6025753021240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91717678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135332","display_name":"Quantum teleportation","level":5,"score":0.593940258026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.5891929268836975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5807254910469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5457155704498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.5284773111343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.5049658417701721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.48998990654945374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.4711671769618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190463098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081419","display_name":"Quantum technology","level":4,"score":0.46925851702690125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.4379955530166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3469122052192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3334067761898041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20504599809646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190474826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495111","display_name":"Open quantum system","level":3,"score":0.182221919298172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.15736863017082214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08087658882141113}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2021.3109944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3109944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3109944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.04427","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.04427","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.04427","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1206952","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1206952","pdf_url":"https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1206952/2/11311-1206952_Magarini.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2101.04427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2101.04427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2101.04427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2021.3109944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3109944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3109944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4943999946117401}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6200000047683716}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1243903716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2077/P2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2397679793","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KA107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G264021278","display_name":"CONNECT_Phase 2","funder_award_id":"13/RC/2077_P2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6586979110","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7226090481","display_name":"CONNECT: The Centre for Future Networks & Communications","funder_award_id":"13/RC/2077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8221982100","display_name":"Project for higher education student and staff mobility between Programme Countries and Partner Countries","funder_award_id":"2018-1-IT02-KA107-047412","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335551","funder_display_name":"Erasmus+"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329994","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335551","display_name":"Erasmus+","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2m4n16"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":378,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58322429","https://openalex.org/W255611753","https://openalex.org/W1512824947","https://openalex.org/W1515292971","https://openalex.org/W1523800107","https://openalex.org/W1528464616","https://openalex.org/W1542218465","https://openalex.org/W1560341753","https://openalex.org/W1580277690","https://openalex.org/W1580496496","https://openalex.org/W1580584469","https://openalex.org/W1580879344","https://openalex.org/W1586760909","https://openalex.org/W1589913568","https://openalex.org/W1596908996","https://openalex.org/W1601001795","https://openalex.org/W1603281973","https://openalex.org/W1612433804","https://openalex.org/W1623920228","https://openalex.org/W1626954859","https://openalex.org/W1628130445","https://openalex.org/W1631356911","https://openalex.org/W1637483597","https://openalex.org/W1641543258","https://openalex.org/W1641951603","https://openalex.org/W1645593501","https://openalex.org/W1671659988","https://openalex.org/W1709784975","https://openalex.org/W1805613251","https://openalex.org/W1916886752","https://openalex.org/W1943579973","https://openalex.org/W1950989567","https://openalex.org/W1964301469","https://openalex.org/W1966349459","https://openalex.org/W1966842050","https://openalex.org/W1968174254","https://openalex.org/W1969546033","https://openalex.org/W1970413125","https://openalex.org/W1972126281","https://openalex.org/W1972989121","https://openalex.org/W1974875620","https://openalex.org/W1975408841","https://openalex.org/W1977670750","https://openalex.org/W1978552568","https://openalex.org/W1978553093","https://openalex.org/W1979065334","https://openalex.org/W1979641680","https://openalex.org/W1982613541","https://openalex.org/W1982892759","https://openalex.org/W1983197278","https://openalex.org/W1983471645","https://openalex.org/W1983727080","https://openalex.org/W1985816534","https://openalex.org/W1986407511","https://openalex.org/W1986924738","https://openalex.org/W1987390099","https://openalex.org/W1988134541","https://openalex.org/W1988838064","https://openalex.org/W1992448568","https://openalex.org/W1992958600","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1996360405","https://openalex.org/W1997102776","https://openalex.org/W1999180233","https://openalex.org/W1999664967","https://openalex.org/W1999706070","https://openalex.org/W2000201689","https://openalex.org/W2000446243","https://openalex.org/W2000884742","https://openalex.org/W2001026400","https://openalex.org/W2001527002","https://openalex.org/W2002758003","https://openalex.org/W2003132673","https://openalex.org/W2003762972","https://openalex.org/W2005697855","https://openalex.org/W2006226307","https://openalex.org/W2006376335","https://openalex.org/W2007661134","https://openalex.org/W2008420411","https://openalex.org/W2009916095","https://openalex.org/W2010540858","https://openalex.org/W2010935354","https://openalex.org/W2012369662","https://openalex.org/W2014306526","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2015575484","https://openalex.org/W2017077355","https://openalex.org/W2017527397","https://openalex.org/W2017964195","https://openalex.org/W2019018899","https://openalex.org/W2019336689","https://openalex.org/W2020179623","https://openalex.org/W2020272675","https://openalex.org/W2020713214","https://openalex.org/W2020725861","https://openalex.org/W2020726398","https://openalex.org/W2020794900","https://openalex.org/W2021728104","https://openalex.org/W2021995330","https://openalex.org/W2023007127","https://openalex.org/W2023906228","https://openalex.org/W2024543013","https://openalex.org/W2024812083","https://openalex.org/W2024857769","https://openalex.org/W2025236523","https://openalex.org/W2026179698","https://openalex.org/W2027822092","https://openalex.org/W2027926771","https://openalex.org/W2028453008","https://openalex.org/W2035924763","https://openalex.org/W2035993353","https://openalex.org/W2036614989","https://openalex.org/W2040719832","https://openalex.org/W2041977040","https://openalex.org/W2042330728","https://openalex.org/W2042664564","https://openalex.org/W2043414726","https://openalex.org/W2043674518","https://openalex.org/W2045140905","https://openalex.org/W2049471987","https://openalex.org/W2049718282","https://openalex.org/W2049968417","https://openalex.org/W2050334794","https://openalex.org/W2050375707","https://openalex.org/W2050557764","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2052457796","https://openalex.org/W2054721296","https://openalex.org/W2054842915","https://openalex.org/W2055489084","https://openalex.org/W2056041758","https://openalex.org/W2056511386","https://openalex.org/W2057278205","https://openalex.org/W2058026155","https://openalex.org/W2058835336","https://openalex.org/W2059117561","https://openalex.org/W2060530067","https://openalex.org/W2060935407","https://openalex.org/W2062258079","https://openalex.org/W2062584998","https://openalex.org/W2062854284","https://openalex.org/W2063519529","https://openalex.org/W2063635674","https://openalex.org/W2064682363","https://openalex.org/W2067204178","https://openalex.org/W2067763535","https://openalex.org/W2068475033","https://openalex.org/W2069610529","https://openalex.org/W2070694402","https://openalex.org/W2072220701","https://openalex.org/W2072333729","https://openalex.org/W2072952927","https://openalex.org/W2073384645","https://openalex.org/W2073490670","https://openalex.org/W2074093825","https://openalex.org/W2075790708","https://openalex.org/W2076731849","https://openalex.org/W2079749988","https://openalex.org/W2082187414","https://openalex.org/W2082521129","https://openalex.org/W2083400998","https://openalex.org/W2084361318","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2084685553","https://openalex.org/W2085523261","https://openalex.org/W2086947442","https://openalex.org/W2088138918","https://openalex.org/W2088148954","https://openalex.org/W2091554703","https://openalex.org/W2092105345","https://openalex.org/W2092328163","https://openalex.org/W2092946108","https://openalex.org/W2093856853","https://openalex.org/W2093938894","https://openalex.org/W2094055587","https://openalex.org/W2095095326","https://openalex.org/W2096776475","https://openalex.org/W2097933793","https://openalex.org/W2102769185","https://openalex.org/W2103282498","https://openalex.org/W2107268569","https://openalex.org/W2107914128","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2113152322","https://openalex.org/W2113730801","https://openalex.org/W2115281814","https://openalex.org/W2117187720","https://openalex.org/W2117593045","https://openalex.org/W2121213780","https://openalex.org/W2124391744","https://openalex.org/W2125721090","https://openalex.org/W2129644390","https://openalex.org/W2131123432","https://openalex.org/W2131864750","https://openalex.org/W2132764286","https://openalex.org/W2133157165","https://openalex.org/W2135615955","https://openalex.org/W2135830616","https://openalex.org/W2135965613","https://openalex.org/W2136195941","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2137496819","https://openalex.org/W2137637231","https://openalex.org/W2137676761","https://openalex.org/W2137987812","https://openalex.org/W2138433952","https://openalex.org/W2141837858","https://openalex.org/W2142739935","https://openalex.org/W2144792669","https://openalex.org/W2145860679","https://openalex.org/W2148132004","https://openalex.org/W2149670700","https://openalex.org/W2152429022","https://openalex.org/W2154300278","https://openalex.org/W2154434103","https://openalex.org/W2154722155","https://openalex.org/W2156186849","https://openalex.org/W2156592581","https://openalex.org/W2161685427","https://openalex.org/W2163077582","https://openalex.org/W2164431215","https://openalex.org/W2166077298","https://openalex.org/W2167097876","https://openalex.org/W2167185593","https://openalex.org/W2174298480","https://openalex.org/W2179731956","https://openalex.org/W2203110741","https://openalex.org/W2214536953","https://openalex.org/W2229076839","https://openalex.org/W2240795724","https://openalex.org/W2241294872","https://openalex.org/W2288268395","https://openalex.org/W2318630237","https://openalex.org/W2327775640","https://openalex.org/W2336572454","https://openalex.org/W2336770924","https://openalex.org/W2336871513","https://openalex.org/W2337113899","https://openalex.org/W2398011416","https://openalex.org/W2407258465","https://openalex.org/W2409546936","https://openalex.org/W2415710521","https://openalex.org/W2417452006","https://openalex.org/W2468792555","https://openalex.org/W2472755367","https://openalex.org/W2473315843","https://openalex.org/W2479152214","https://openalex.org/W2508902623","https://openalex.org/W2509599492","https://openalex.org/W2527494728","https://openalex.org/W2528081911","https://openalex.org/W2530658632","https://openalex.org/W2537390275","https://openalex.org/W2561980874","https://openalex.org/W2566510693","https://openalex.org/W2566861540","https://openalex.org/W2586513728","https://openalex.org/W2593295608","https://openalex.org/W2613464217","https://openalex.org/W2625737531","https://openalex.org/W2698753202","https://openalex.org/W2725161044","https://openalex.org/W2734851509","https://openalex.org/W2740643853","https://openalex.org/W2753330829","https://openalex.org/W2760752415","https://openalex.org/W2762179548","https://openalex.org/W2763302490","https://openalex.org/W2766679834","https://openalex.org/W2766935792","https://openalex.org/W2768911138","https://openalex.org/W2774877880","https://openalex.org/W2775936334","https://openalex.org/W2782413938","https://openalex.org/W2783159008","https://openalex.org/W2784134895","https://openalex.org/W2790390455","https://openalex.org/W2798434869","https://openalex.org/W2810499625","https://openalex.org/W2889130258","https://openalex.org/W2892050065","https://openalex.org/W2896792097","https://openalex.org/W2897264299","https://openalex.org/W2897533285","https://openalex.org/W2901389979","https://openalex.org/W2902496324","https://openalex.org/W2905185370","https://openalex.org/W2906538035","https://openalex.org/W2910637084","https://openalex.org/W2911423727","https://openalex.org/W2912183389","https://openalex.org/W2913504300","https://openalex.org/W2917923141","https://openalex.org/W2919646310","https://openalex.org/W2921279520","https://openalex.org/W2925123587","https://openalex.org/W2943752720","https://openalex.org/W2944046640","https://openalex.org/W2946356169","https://openalex.org/W2947173962","https://openalex.org/W2947902637","https://openalex.org/W2948602808","https://openalex.org/W2949332750","https://openalex.org/W2949875284","https://openalex.org/W2950805899","https://openalex.org/W2952016490","https://openalex.org/W2952749566","https://openalex.org/W2959720248","https://openalex.org/W2960858484","https://openalex.org/W2963048607","https://openalex.org/W2963762946","https://openalex.org/W2963926992","https://openalex.org/W2980685390","https://openalex.org/W2981311533","https://openalex.org/W2981746758","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W2986455874","https://openalex.org/W2990831233","https://openalex.org/W2995516342","https://openalex.org/W2995835799","https://openalex.org/W2996018287","https://openalex.org/W2996146298","https://openalex.org/W2998126056","https://openalex.org/W3000517916","https://openalex.org/W3002714662","https://openalex.org/W3004357554","https://openalex.org/W3006696868","https://openalex.org/W3007533588","https://openalex.org/W3008629526","https://openalex.org/W3009438699","https://openalex.org/W3012169659","https://openalex.org/W3015386219","https://openalex.org/W3015896447","https://openalex.org/W3021770865","https://openalex.org/W3022633764","https://openalex.org/W3025810774","https://openalex.org/W3033118628","https://openalex.org/W3033258109","https://openalex.org/W3033331243","https://openalex.org/W3035099916","https://openalex.org/W3037853801","https://openalex.org/W3038067977","https://openalex.org/W3041404949","https://openalex.org/W3041931781","https://openalex.org/W3082558129","https://openalex.org/W3082671795","https://openalex.org/W3088582486","https://openalex.org/W3099164702","https://openalex.org/W3099200606","https://openalex.org/W3099753903","https://openalex.org/W3100206777","https://openalex.org/W3101583679","https://openalex.org/W3101747871","https://openalex.org/W3103174535","https://openalex.org/W3103558166","https://openalex.org/W3104909631","https://openalex.org/W3105055973","https://openalex.org/W3105229315","https://openalex.org/W3105945853","https://openalex.org/W3107463944","https://openalex.org/W3118428022","https://openalex.org/W3120696673","https://openalex.org/W3137759927","https://openalex.org/W4232818534","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4233413728","https://openalex.org/W4237774489","https://openalex.org/W4239873278","https://openalex.org/W4243988164","https://openalex.org/W4244470804","https://openalex.org/W4255325286","https://openalex.org/W4292407905","https://openalex.org/W4301287831","https://openalex.org/W6630707030","https://openalex.org/W6631624559","https://openalex.org/W6640122604","https://openalex.org/W6654347880","https://openalex.org/W6731781941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4405271500","https://openalex.org/W4391898326","https://openalex.org/W7153777859","https://openalex.org/W4403277020","https://openalex.org/W4300773852","https://openalex.org/W7061828331","https://openalex.org/W2897264299","https://openalex.org/W4317793301","https://openalex.org/W3214385134","https://openalex.org/W4399768158"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,109],"advanced":[1],"notebooks,":[2],"mobile":[3],"phones,":[4],"and":[5,23,37,66,98,107,145,158,186,213],"internet":[6,26,45,64],"applications":[7,59,212],"in":[8,17,170,203],"today\u2019s":[9,44],"world":[10],"that":[11,60,77,94,137],"we":[12],"use":[13],"are":[14,78],"all":[15],"entrenched":[16],"classical":[18,63],"communication":[19,117],"bits":[20,135],"of":[21,35,41,100,111,143,152,227,234],"zeros":[22,144],"ones.":[24,146],"Classical":[25],"has":[27,68],"laid":[28],"its":[29],"foundation":[30],"originating":[31],"from":[32],"the":[33,70,84,89,141,149,174,228,232,235],"amalgamation":[34],"mathematics":[36],"Claude":[38],"Shannon\u2019s":[39],"theory":[40],"information.":[42],"However,":[43],"technology":[46],"is":[47,182,189],"a":[48,54,183,224],"playground":[49],"for":[50,199,231],"eavesdroppers.":[51],"This":[52],"poses":[53],"serious":[55],"challenge":[56],"to":[57,72,74,148,164,220],"various":[58,119],"rely":[61,132],"on":[62,191],"technology,":[65],"it":[67,160],"motivated":[69],"researchers":[71,87],"switch":[73],"new":[75],"technologies":[76],"fundamentally":[79],"more":[80],"secure.":[81],"By":[82],"exploring":[83],"quantum":[85,92,104,116,123,127,134,165,193],"effects,":[86],"paved":[88],"way":[90],"into":[91],"networks":[93,131,166,169],"provide":[95],"security,":[96],"privacy,":[97],"range":[99],"capabilities":[101],"such":[102,154],"as":[103,155],"computation,":[105],"communication,":[106,194],"metrology.":[108],"realization":[110],"Quantum":[112],"Internet":[113],"(QI)":[114],"requires":[115],"between":[118],"remote":[120],"nodes":[121],"through":[122],"channels":[124],"guarded":[125],"by":[126],"cryptographic":[128],"protocols.":[129],"Such":[130],"upon":[133],"(qubits)":[136],"can":[138],"simultaneously":[139],"take":[140],"value":[142],"Due":[147],"extraordinary":[150],"properties":[151],"qubits":[153,178],"superposition,":[156],"entanglement,":[157],"teleportation,":[159],"gives":[161],"an":[162],"edge":[163],"over":[167,179],"traditional":[168],"many":[171],"ways.":[172],"At":[173],"same":[175],"time,":[176],"transmitting":[177],"long":[180],"distances":[181],"formidable":[184],"task":[185],"extensive":[187],"research":[188],"going":[190],"satellite-based":[192],"which":[195],"will":[196],"deliver":[197],"breakthroughs":[198],"physically":[200],"realizing":[201],"QI":[202,209],"near":[204],"future.":[205],"In":[206],"this":[207],"paper,":[208],"functionalities,":[210],"technologies,":[211],"open":[214],"challenges":[215],"have":[216],"been":[217],"extensively":[218],"surveyed":[219],"help":[221],"readers":[222],"gain":[223],"basic":[225],"understanding":[226],"infrastructure":[229],"required":[230],"development":[233],"global":[236],"QI.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2021-01-18T00:00:00"}