{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3114544591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010111","title":"Time-Aware and Temperature-Aware Fire Evacuation Path Algorithm in IoT-Enabled Multi-Story Multi-Exit Buildings","display_name":"Time-Aware and Temperature-Aware Fire Evacuation Path Algorithm in IoT-Enabled Multi-Story Multi-Exit Buildings","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3114544591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010111","mag":"3114544591","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33375369","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7795275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21010111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010111","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/1/111/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/1/111/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090347483","display_name":"Hong-Hsu Yen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-1013","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-1013"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68348662","display_name":"Shih Hsin University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ynprv96","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68348662"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong-Hsu Yen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, Shih Hsin University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, Shih Hsin University, Taipei 116, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68348662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102871967","display_name":"Cheng-Han Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6932-4818","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6932-4818","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6474-875X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68348662","display_name":"Shih Hsin University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ynprv96","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68348662"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Han Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, Shih Hsin University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, Shih Hsin University, Taipei 116, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68348662"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001303917","display_name":"Hung-Wei Tsao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68348662","display_name":"Shih Hsin University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ynprv96","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68348662"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung-Wei Tsao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, Shih Hsin University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, Shih Hsin University, Taipei 116, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68348662"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090347483"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68348662"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2112},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2112},"fwci":2.2276,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88325963,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"111","last_page":"111"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11502","display_name":"Facility Location and Emergency Management","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fire-evacuation","display_name":"fire evacuation","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evacuation-path-planning","display_name":"evacuation path planning","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-storey-buildings","display_name":"multi-storey buildings","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-sensors","display_name":"temperature sensors","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evacuation-capacity","display_name":"evacuation capacity","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rescue-robotics","display_name":"rescue robots","score":0.503000020980835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6714905500411987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6030016541481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5567467212677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776678367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31374404","display_name":"Shopping mall","level":2,"score":0.5259397625923157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.4636712074279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4554159641265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4554147720336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.41369226574897766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3787258565425873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.325208842754364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2204062044620514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1979619562625885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.18221032619476318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1335686445236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.1179375946521759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21010111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010111","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/1/111/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6704801","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC7795275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7795275","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7795275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:33375369","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33375369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e8f3e5dc83414271bacfeaaf6180bff4","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e8f3e5dc83414271bacfeaaf6180bff4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 1, p 111 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21010111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010111","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/1/111/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7646999955177307,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4104467348","display_name":"Next Generation on Precision Medical Technology -- Network Deployment and Precision Routing in Magnetic Mnbot Networks","funder_award_id":"MOST109-2410-H128-016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4817399165","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"109-TPRP-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/03m01yf64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3114544591.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3114544591.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969483458","https://openalex.org/W2096774592","https://openalex.org/W2099144379","https://openalex.org/W2101854731","https://openalex.org/W2128977013","https://openalex.org/W2186744007","https://openalex.org/W2500263353","https://openalex.org/W2545014897","https://openalex.org/W2582796918","https://openalex.org/W2593358430","https://openalex.org/W2604137044","https://openalex.org/W2757789842","https://openalex.org/W2771675308","https://openalex.org/W2774176068","https://openalex.org/W2789514313","https://openalex.org/W2791260427","https://openalex.org/W2792777687","https://openalex.org/W2797589874","https://openalex.org/W2802038424","https://openalex.org/W2802976880","https://openalex.org/W2803619543","https://openalex.org/W2808224721","https://openalex.org/W2886708562","https://openalex.org/W2898849759","https://openalex.org/W2910427378","https://openalex.org/W2914078387","https://openalex.org/W2938909301","https://openalex.org/W2944669962","https://openalex.org/W2944873293","https://openalex.org/W2956197380","https://openalex.org/W2962637613","https://openalex.org/W2971307410","https://openalex.org/W2982318090","https://openalex.org/W2990253946","https://openalex.org/W3000586880","https://openalex.org/W3080228275","https://openalex.org/W3128686975","https://openalex.org/W4236251699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391654134","https://openalex.org/W7160616848","https://openalex.org/W7204213196","https://openalex.org/W6959039371","https://openalex.org/W4285502569","https://openalex.org/W4403560251","https://openalex.org/W4318605457","https://openalex.org/W4294831793","https://openalex.org/W4410030376","https://openalex.org/W4413886256"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Temperature":[0],"sensors":[1],"with":[2,144],"a":[3,14,34,72,82,86,248,263],"communication":[4],"capability":[5],"can":[6,48,75,136,157,228,374],"help":[7],"monitor":[8],"and":[9,20,51,66,96,114,168,183,207,219,238,295],"report":[10],"temperature":[11,58,133,154,170,240],"values":[12],"to":[13,29,92,118,192,299,393],"control":[15],"station,":[16],"which":[17],"enables":[18],"dynamic":[19],"real-time":[21],"evacuation":[22,37,54,98,107,122,173,213,236,243,257,265,288,384],"paths":[23,55],"in":[24,39,64,101,162,215,233,262,274,278,303,335,350,366,409],"fire":[25,36,53,106,412],"emergencies.":[26],"As":[27],"compared":[28],"traditional":[30],"approaches":[31],"that":[32,47,74,128,151,322],"identify":[33,49,119,209,394],"one-shot":[35],"path,":[38,385],"this":[40,94,343,390],"paper,":[41],"we":[42],"develop":[43],"an":[44,382],"intelligent":[45],"algorithm":[46,258],"time-aware":[50,95],"temperature-aware":[52,97],"by":[56,139,160],"considering":[57,246,410],"changes":[59],"at":[60,400],"different":[61],"time":[62,166,237,254,291,311],"slots":[63,167],"multi-story":[65,78,102],"multi-exit":[67,79,103],"buildings.":[68,104],"We":[69],"first":[70,125],"propose":[71],"method":[73],"map":[76],"three-dimensional":[77],"buildings":[80,402],"into":[81],"two-dimensional":[83],"graph.":[84],"Then,":[85],"mathematical":[87],"optimization":[88],"model":[89],"is":[90,259,289,313,332,353,369,392],"proposed":[91,117],"capture":[93],"path":[99,214],"problem":[100],"Six":[105],"algorithms":[108,127,150],"(BFS,":[109],"SP,":[110],"DBFS,":[111],"TABFS,":[112,205],"TASP":[113,206],"TADBFS)":[115],"are":[116,189,297],"the":[120,172,176,179,184,194,202,211,220,242,252,256,268,279,284,304,323,327,336,346,351,362,367,395,404,411],"efficient":[121,383],"path.":[123,174,244],"The":[124,147,318],"three":[126,149],"do":[129],"not":[130],"address":[131,152],"human":[132,153],"limit":[134,155,325],"constraints":[135,156],"be":[137,158,359],"used":[138,159],"rescue":[140],"robots":[141],"or":[142],"firemen":[143],"fire-proof":[145],"suits.":[146],"last":[148],"evacuees":[161],"terms":[163,234],"of":[164,197,235,250,255,271,339,348,364,389],"total":[165,169,239],"on":[171,241],"In":[175,342],"computational":[177,203,253,319],"experiments,":[178],"open":[180,216],"space":[181,217],"building":[182,218,352,368],"Taipei":[185,221,280,305,328,405],"101":[186,222,281,306,329,406],"Shopping":[187,223,282,307,330,407],"Mall":[188,308,331,408],"all":[190],"tested":[191],"verify":[193],"solution":[195],"quality":[196],"these":[198],"six":[199],"algorithms.":[200],"From":[201],"results,":[204],"TADBF":[208],"almost":[210],"same":[212],"Mall.":[224],"BFS,":[225],"SP":[226],"DBFS":[227],"locate":[229],"marginally":[230],"better":[231],"results":[232,320],"When":[245,361],"evacuating":[247],"group":[249],"evacuees,":[251],"very":[260],"important":[261],"time-limited":[264],"process.":[266],"Considering":[267],"extreme":[269,337],"case":[270,338],"seven":[272,340],"fires":[273],"eight":[275],"emergency":[276],"exits":[277],"Mall,":[283],"golden":[285],"window":[286],"for":[287,326],"15":[290],"slots.":[292],"Only":[293],"TABFS":[294,373],"TADBFS":[296,357],"applicable":[298],"evacuate":[300,375],"1200":[301],"people":[302,334,349,365,377],"when":[309,345],"one":[310,316],"slot":[312],"setting":[314],"as":[315],"minute.":[317],"show":[321],"capacity":[324],"800":[333],"fires.":[341],"case,":[344],"number":[347,363],"less":[354],"than":[355,371,378],"700,":[356,372],"should":[358],"adopted.":[360],"greater":[370],"more":[376],"TADBFS.":[379],"Besides":[380],"identifying":[381],"another":[386],"significant":[387],"contribution":[388],"paper":[391],"best":[396],"sensor":[397],"density":[398],"deployment":[399],"large":[401],"like":[403],"evacuation.":[413]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-01-05T00:00:00"}