{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3112692228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors47125.2020.9278744","title":"Low-cost Smart Camera System for Water Stress Detection in Crops","display_name":"Low-cost Smart Camera System for Water Stress Detection in Crops","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3112692228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors47125.2020.9278744","mag":"3112692228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sensors47125.2020.9278744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors47125.2020.9278744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors47125.2020.9278744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192710","display_name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors/Proceedings of IEEE Sensors ...","issn_l":"1930-0395","issn":["1930-0395","2168-9229","2168-9237"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE SENSORS","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083860474","display_name":"Paula Jimena Ramos-Giraldo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1123-2187","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1123-2187"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paula Ramos-Giraldo","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072424763","display_name":"Chris S. Reberg-Horton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5002-106X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5002-106X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Chris Reberg-Horton","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076150330","display_name":"Steven Brian Mirsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3016-5773","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3016-5773"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125976","display_name":"Beltsville Agricultural Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03b08sh51","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210125976","https://openalex.org/I4210138094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Mirsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["USDA-ARS Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USDA-ARS Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210125976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024158572","display_name":"Edgar J. Lobaton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4056-8309","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4056-8309"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edgar Lobaton","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068369421","display_name":"Anna M. Locke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4254-4466","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4254-4466"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna M. Locke","raw_affiliation_strings":["USDA-ARS Soybean & Nitrogen Fixation Research Unit"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USDA-ARS Soybean & Nitrogen Fixation Research Unit","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107422229","display_name":"Esleyther Henriquez Inoa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esleyther Henriquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065406347","display_name":"Ane Zuniga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ane Zuniga","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012568191","display_name":"Artem Minin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artem Minin","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5828,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93806944,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought-stress-detection","display_name":"drought stress detection","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maize","display_name":"maize","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soybean","display_name":"soybean","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-machine-learning","display_name":"embedded machine learning","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raspberry-pi","display_name":"Raspberry Pi","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.8880000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985745059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245","display_name":"Raspberry pi","level":3,"score":0.7507064342498779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6857492923736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6586167216300964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5722585320472717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5207890868186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73898211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5026013","display_name":"Camera module","level":2,"score":0.4774214029312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4749222695827484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4162719249725342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4152528643608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.389732301235199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.19512203335762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16683652997016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10301586985588074}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sensors47125.2020.9278744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors47125.2020.9278744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors47125.2020.9278744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192710","display_name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors/Proceedings of IEEE Sensors ...","issn_l":"1930-0395","issn":["1930-0395","2168-9229","2168-9237"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE SENSORS","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.991100013256073},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6773999929428101}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008407963","https://openalex.org/W2015809727","https://openalex.org/W2504833738","https://openalex.org/W2611125518","https://openalex.org/W2901461713","https://openalex.org/W3026302320","https://openalex.org/W3036326955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3026302320","https://openalex.org/W7217836036","https://openalex.org/W7147436818","https://openalex.org/W3112411766","https://openalex.org/W7120657172","https://openalex.org/W7162103068","https://openalex.org/W4414992484","https://openalex.org/W7162409474","https://openalex.org/W7160323849","https://openalex.org/W7128713799"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,42,79,99],"availability":[1],"of":[2,18,28,46,69,106,121,143],"easy-to-use,":[3],"low-cost,":[4],"and":[5,15,39,59,67,72,76,91,114],"highly":[6],"scalable":[7],"tools":[8],"makes":[9],"it":[10],"possible":[11],"to":[12,33,83,110,117,128],"achieve":[13],"rapid":[14],"widespread":[16],"adoption":[17],"precision":[19],"agriculture.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22,125,135],"paper":[23],"we":[24],"outline":[25],"the":[26,70,112,118,122,146],"development":[27],"a":[29,47,57,87],"smart":[30],"camera":[31,100],"system":[32,43,80,126],"detect":[34],"drought":[35],"stress":[36,154],"in":[37,86,155],"corn":[38],"soybean":[40],"crops.":[41],"is":[44],"comprised":[45],"Raspberry":[48,52],"Pi":[49,53],"Zero":[50],"W,":[51],"Camera,":[54],"WittyPi":[55],"mini,":[56],"cooling":[58],"solar":[60],"power":[61],"system,":[62],"temperature":[63,75],"sensors":[64],"both":[65],"inside":[66],"outside":[68],"box,":[71],"infrared":[73],"canopy":[74],"light":[77],"sensors.":[78],"was":[81,101,127],"built":[82],"collect":[84],"data":[85],"configurable":[88],"time":[89],"frame":[90],"has":[92],"an":[93,104,141],"embedded":[94,137,147],"machine-learning":[95],"(ML)":[96],"processing":[97],"system.":[98],"configured":[102],"using":[103],"Internet":[105],"Things":[107],"(IoT)":[108],"platform":[109],"manage":[111],"device":[113],"send":[115],"images":[116],"Cloud.":[119],"One":[120],"challenges":[123],"for":[124],"effectively":[129],"implement":[130],"machine":[131,148],"learning":[132,149],"models":[133],"on":[134],"limited-resource":[136],"platform.":[138],"We":[139],"achieved":[140],"accuracy":[142],"74%":[144],"with":[145],"algorithm":[150],"when":[151],"classifying":[152],"water":[153],"soybeans.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2020-12-21T00:00:00"}