{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3111269331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z","title":"Grammar tests, de facto policy and pedagogical coercion in England\u2019s primary schools","display_name":"Grammar tests, de facto policy and pedagogical coercion in England\u2019s primary schools","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3111269331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z","mag":"3111269331","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33343267","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7733139"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44845084","display_name":"Language Policy","issn_l":"1568-4555","issn":["1568-4555","1573-1863"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015184281","display_name":"Ian R. Cushing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1752-1411","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1752-1411"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ian Cushing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Education, Brunel University London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1752-1411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Education, Brunel University London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015184281"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"apc_list":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"apc_paid":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"fwci":6.9096,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96849226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"599","last_page":"622"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12184","display_name":"Linguistics and Education Research","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar-tests","display_name":"grammar tests","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-language-testing","display_name":"critical language testing","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-ideology","display_name":"language ideology","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-attitudes","display_name":"teacher attitudes","score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-education","display_name":"primary education","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-policy","display_name":"education policy","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/england","display_name":"England","score":0.48100000619888306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556340858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334451","display_name":"Language policy","level":2,"score":0.5745523571968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781281093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329499","display_name":"Language planning","level":2,"score":0.5647931694984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.5236817598342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.492291122674942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49216192960739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.4039975702762604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38593682646751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.315743625164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44845084","display_name":"Language Policy","issn_l":"1568-4555","issn":["1568-4555","1573-1863"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7733139","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7733139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lang Policy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:33343267","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33343267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language policy","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bura.brunel.ac.uk:2438/21860","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/21860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401473","display_name":"Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","host_organization_name":"Brunel University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/18dbefa6-8f05-4771-8067-cc409f716362","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.edgehill.ac.uk/en/publications/18dbefa6-8f05-4771-8067-cc409f716362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402462","display_name":"Edge Hill University Research Information Repository (Edge Hill University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I165525304","host_organization_name":"Edge Hill University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165525304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cushing, I 2020, 'Grammar tests, de facto policy and pedagogical coercion in England\u2019s primary schools', Language Policy, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 599-622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:v-lib-bura1.brunel.ac.uk:2438/21860","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/21860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401473","display_name":"Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","host_organization_name":"Brunel University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10993-020-09571-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44845084","display_name":"Language Policy","issn_l":"1568-4555","issn":["1568-4555","1573-1863"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9235000014305115}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310551","display_name":"Brunel University London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3111269331.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3111269331.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W218610238","https://openalex.org/W588145289","https://openalex.org/W591331172","https://openalex.org/W628853591","https://openalex.org/W1026484344","https://openalex.org/W1489526149","https://openalex.org/W1503888610","https://openalex.org/W1559468026","https://openalex.org/W1561467792","https://openalex.org/W1578503775","https://openalex.org/W1586385827","https://openalex.org/W1601993547","https://openalex.org/W1606080460","https://openalex.org/W1976427288","https://openalex.org/W1979542095","https://openalex.org/W1984395779","https://openalex.org/W2003511370","https://openalex.org/W2033314929","https://openalex.org/W2035589010","https://openalex.org/W2036967103","https://openalex.org/W2047251357","https://openalex.org/W2059727180","https://openalex.org/W2060493759","https://openalex.org/W2075748225","https://openalex.org/W2086984689","https://openalex.org/W2102569447","https://openalex.org/W2109740296","https://openalex.org/W2117886445","https://openalex.org/W2133461144","https://openalex.org/W2136945725","https://openalex.org/W2148701620","https://openalex.org/W2162496057","https://openalex.org/W2162510130","https://openalex.org/W2191540850","https://openalex.org/W2358457898","https://openalex.org/W2410277143","https://openalex.org/W2501283490","https://openalex.org/W2519551662","https://openalex.org/W2546427220","https://openalex.org/W2593083630","https://openalex.org/W2771023117","https://openalex.org/W2773137079","https://openalex.org/W2802406677","https://openalex.org/W2802965417","https://openalex.org/W2809970508","https://openalex.org/W2883110163","https://openalex.org/W2885047866","https://openalex.org/W2896287127","https://openalex.org/W2923994708","https://openalex.org/W2989009574","https://openalex.org/W3095368643","https://openalex.org/W4205888714","https://openalex.org/W4234337799","https://openalex.org/W4234681701","https://openalex.org/W4251871150","https://openalex.org/W4255909688","https://openalex.org/W4388119263","https://openalex.org/W6995945706","https://openalex.org/W7027561690","https://openalex.org/W7048130239","https://openalex.org/W7067880409"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2996326692","https://openalex.org/W3095368643","https://openalex.org/W3139152002","https://openalex.org/W2191540850","https://openalex.org/W3123403570","https://openalex.org/W2153155052","https://openalex.org/W6903656739","https://openalex.org/W3015016602","https://openalex.org/W4238356418","https://openalex.org/W3132870830"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"their":[1,58,71],"introduction":[2],"by":[3,131],"the":[4,32,53,56,64,112,125,152,155,178],"Conservative":[5],"government":[6],"in":[7,12,79,168],"2013,":[8],"primary":[9],"school":[10],"children":[11],"England":[13],"have":[14],"taken":[15],"a":[16,86,92,132,138],"mandated":[17],"grammar,":[18],"punctuation":[19],"and":[20,31,49,63,89,105,137,158,181],"spelling":[21],"assessment,":[22],"which":[23,67,171],"places":[24],"an":[25],"emphasis":[26],"on":[27,60,91],"decontextualised,":[28],"standardised":[29],"English":[30],"identification":[33],"of":[34,55,94,124,135,141,144,154],"traditional":[35],"grammatical":[36],"terminology.":[37],"Despite":[38],"some":[39],"concise":[40],"criticisms":[41],"from":[42],"educational":[43,128],"linguists,":[44],"there":[45],"remains":[46],"no":[47],"detailed":[48],"critical":[50,82],"investigation":[51],"into":[52,161],"nature":[54],"tests,":[57,156],"effects":[59],"test":[61,103],"takers,":[62],"policy":[65,101],"initiatives":[66],"led":[68],"up":[69],"to":[70,76],"implementation.":[72],"This":[73],"article":[74],"contributes":[75],"this":[77],"gap":[78],"knowledge,":[80],"using":[81],"language":[83,118,136,183],"testing":[84],"as":[85,98,115,121,175],"methodological":[87],"framework,":[88],"drawing":[90],"bricolage":[93],"data":[95],"sources":[96],"such":[97],"political":[99],"speeches,":[100],"documents,":[102],"questions":[104],"interviews":[106],"with":[107],"teachers.":[108],"I":[109,146],"discuss":[110],"how":[111,148],"tests":[113],"work":[114],"de":[116],"facto":[117],"policy,":[119],"implemented":[120],"one":[122],"arm":[123],"government's":[126,179],"'core-knowledge'":[127],"agenda,":[129],"underpinned":[130],"reductive":[133],"conceptualisation":[134],"problematic":[139],"discourse":[140],"'right/wrong'":[142],"ways":[143],"speaking.":[145],"reveal":[147],"teachers":[149],"talk":[150],"about":[151],"'power'":[153],"intimidating":[157],"coercing":[159],"them":[160,174],"pedagogies":[162],"they":[163],"do":[164],"not":[165],"necessarily":[166],"believe":[167],"or":[169],"value,":[170],"ultimately":[172],"position":[173],"vehicles":[176],"for":[177],"conservative":[180],"prescriptive":[182],"ideologies.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2020-12-21T00:00:00"}
