{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3110698423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejaa009","title":"Education in Africa: What Are We Learning?","display_name":"Education in Africa: What Are We Learning?","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3110698423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejaa009","mag":"3110698423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jae/ejaa009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejaa009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejaa009","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-pdf/30/1/13/35514937/ejaa009.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36588791","display_name":"Journal of African Economies","issn_l":"0963-8024","issn":["0963-8024","1464-3723"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of African Economies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-pdf/30/1/13/35514937/ejaa009.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038055275","display_name":"David K. Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5413-9284","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5413-9284"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319597252","display_name":"Center for Global Development","ror":"https://ror.org/0068yvd12","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319597252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David K Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Global Development, Washington DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Global Development, Washington DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319597252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052214804","display_name":"Amina Mendez Acosta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319597252","display_name":"Center for Global Development","ror":"https://ror.org/0068yvd12","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319597252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amina Mendez Acosta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Global Development, Washington DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Global Development, Washington DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319597252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038055275"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319597252"],"apc_list":{"value":3554,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4687},"apc_paid":{"value":3554,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4687},"fwci":32.3697,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":212,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99681481,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1","first_page":"13","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.6679999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.6679999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.29809999465942383,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12204","display_name":"African Education and Politics","score":0.012799999676644802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-in-africa","display_name":"African education","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-education","display_name":"access to education","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-quality","display_name":"educational quality","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mother-tongue-education","display_name":"mother tongue education","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-training-programs","display_name":"teacher education curriculum","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pay-for-performance","display_name":"performance-based pay","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-coaching","display_name":"teacher coaching","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-meals","display_name":"school meals","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"educational technology","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-grants","display_name":"school grants","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government-education-programs","display_name":"government education programs","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-analysis","display_name":"cost analysis","score":0.6650000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779363792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1104185","display_name":"Coaching","level":2,"score":0.7576943635940552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.7462823390960693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.624160885810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5803701877593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.45887982845306396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.3979555666446686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37864306569099426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3242886960506439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2936592102050781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20484378933906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16898572444915771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.10697430372238159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jae/ejaa009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejaa009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejaa009","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-pdf/30/1/13/35514937/ejaa009.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36588791","display_name":"Journal of African Economies","issn_l":"0963-8024","issn":["0963-8024","1464-3723"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of African Economies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cgd:wpaper:542","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cgdev.org/publication/education-africa-what-are-we-learning?utm_source=repec&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=repec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jae/ejaa009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejaa009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejaa009","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-pdf/30/1/13/35514937/ejaa009.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36588791","display_name":"Journal of African Economies","issn_l":"0963-8024","issn":["0963-8024","1464-3723"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of African Economies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.975600004196167,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"score":0.41670000553131104,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3110698423.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3110698423.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":194,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140285439","https://openalex.org/W385132480","https://openalex.org/W565440578","https://openalex.org/W1223531190","https://openalex.org/W1480274481","https://openalex.org/W1485977819","https://openalex.org/W1488056717","https://openalex.org/W1499862992","https://openalex.org/W1502400617","https://openalex.org/W1816973178","https://openalex.org/W1827167646","https://openalex.org/W1835588239","https://openalex.org/W1889360642","https://openalex.org/W1898637154","https://openalex.org/W1964013717","https://openalex.org/W2001441819","https://openalex.org/W2020102134","https://openalex.org/W2059928158","https://openalex.org/W2079861627","https://openalex.org/W2081707463","https://openalex.org/W2091040570","https://openalex.org/W2091801151","https://openalex.org/W2101943000","https://openalex.org/W2102922045","https://openalex.org/W2118199904","https://openalex.org/W2119788001","https://openalex.org/W2122670577","https://openalex.org/W2124887161","https://openalex.org/W2126638451","https://openalex.org/W2152308346","https://openalex.org/W2160799190","https://openalex.org/W2161643690","https://openalex.org/W2171820889","https://openalex.org/W2176516238","https://openalex.org/W2202853907","https://openalex.org/W2221045778","https://openalex.org/W2229683993","https://openalex.org/W2233346559","https://openalex.org/W2254906966","https://openalex.org/W2260600530","https://openalex.org/W2272644928","https://openalex.org/W2277358745","https://openalex.org/W2289053685","https://openalex.org/W2312971624","https://openalex.org/W2334518484","https://openalex.org/W2339567320","https://openalex.org/W2371370829","https://openalex.org/W2431322042","https://openalex.org/W2477177347","https://openalex.org/W2478236004","https://openalex.org/W2483159288","https://openalex.org/W2502918580","https://openalex.org/W2509738746","https://openalex.org/W2519321357","https://openalex.org/W2522064736","https://openalex.org/W2526458800","https://openalex.org/W2548157466","https://openalex.org/W2555148873","https://openalex.org/W2559690416","https://openalex.org/W2559823609","https://openalex.org/W2565623520","https://openalex.org/W2586298131","https://openalex.org/W2594169450","https://openalex.org/W2597744808","https://openalex.org/W2598390883","https://openalex.org/W2611891805","https://openalex.org/W2623638301","https://openalex.org/W2725946745","https://openalex.org/W2732645306","https://openalex.org/W2733459555","https://openalex.org/W2749109812","https://openalex.org/W2766051028","https://openalex.org/W2766829783","https://openalex.org/W2767287481","https://openalex.org/W2768791227","https://openalex.org/W2770350301","https://openalex.org/W2770803593","https://openalex.org/W2777475564","https://openalex.org/W2780756972","https://openalex.org/W2787205147","https://openalex.org/W2791756416","https://openalex.org/W2795178671","https://openalex.org/W2799371846","https://openalex.org/W2801400967","https://openalex.org/W2802448241","https://openalex.org/W2803856539","https://openalex.org/W2804057372","https://openalex.org/W2804602905","https://openalex.org/W2806481907","https://openalex.org/W2808672442","https://openalex.org/W2809197199","https://openalex.org/W2809727638","https://openalex.org/W2832961703","https://openalex.org/W2882997793","https://openalex.org/W2885308301","https://openalex.org/W2889209285","https://openalex.org/W2890084893","https://openalex.org/W2890691259","https://openalex.org/W2892861151","https://openalex.org/W2893133723","https://openalex.org/W2894434606","https://openalex.org/W2894621849","https://openalex.org/W2895170447","https://openalex.org/W2896328775","https://openalex.org/W2896887742","https://openalex.org/W2900568651","https://openalex.org/W2903569124","https://openalex.org/W2906336876","https://openalex.org/W2911056353","https://openalex.org/W2912368880","https://openalex.org/W2912617224","https://openalex.org/W2913146073","https://openalex.org/W2914300454","https://openalex.org/W2915665089","https://openalex.org/W2921009928","https://openalex.org/W2922154169","https://openalex.org/W2926177436","https://openalex.org/W2939819046","https://openalex.org/W2941534923","https://openalex.org/W2942448872","https://openalex.org/W2946282486","https://openalex.org/W2948832763","https://openalex.org/W2949239210","https://openalex.org/W2949305311","https://openalex.org/W2953583163","https://openalex.org/W2954700947","https://openalex.org/W2960642147","https://openalex.org/W2962949091","https://openalex.org/W2963959878","https://openalex.org/W2964353331","https://openalex.org/W2968077443","https://openalex.org/W2972452495","https://openalex.org/W2972973688","https://openalex.org/W2981241426","https://openalex.org/W2999027162","https://openalex.org/W2999202357","https://openalex.org/W3001488723","https://openalex.org/W3004121743","https://openalex.org/W3006747637","https://openalex.org/W3016698807","https://openalex.org/W3019565797","https://openalex.org/W3021054688","https://openalex.org/W3022927788","https://openalex.org/W3033113036","https://openalex.org/W3033551756","https://openalex.org/W3035056525","https://openalex.org/W3040495082","https://openalex.org/W3048477439","https://openalex.org/W3085514937","https://openalex.org/W3088799276","https://openalex.org/W3104046477","https://openalex.org/W3121437336","https://openalex.org/W3121612475","https://openalex.org/W3121656881","https://openalex.org/W3121659249","https://openalex.org/W3121893250","https://openalex.org/W3121898177","https://openalex.org/W3121928807","https://openalex.org/W3122095484","https://openalex.org/W3122695798","https://openalex.org/W3122847384","https://openalex.org/W3123213498","https://openalex.org/W3123528037","https://openalex.org/W3123959683","https://openalex.org/W3124286696","https://openalex.org/W3124405620","https://openalex.org/W3125385073","https://openalex.org/W3125589168","https://openalex.org/W3125687003","https://openalex.org/W3150005506","https://openalex.org/W3152976244","https://openalex.org/W3156094240","https://openalex.org/W3156930429","https://openalex.org/W3161046448","https://openalex.org/W3167629908","https://openalex.org/W3175388544","https://openalex.org/W3186782241","https://openalex.org/W3207028088","https://openalex.org/W4210654187","https://openalex.org/W4229661500","https://openalex.org/W4235313912","https://openalex.org/W4255460032","https://openalex.org/W4285620888","https://openalex.org/W4285712530","https://openalex.org/W4303579762","https://openalex.org/W4400789899","https://openalex.org/W6615795222","https://openalex.org/W6754286221","https://openalex.org/W6758838821","https://openalex.org/W6786305460","https://openalex.org/W6794754838","https://openalex.org/W6845875428","https://openalex.org/W6884948683","https://openalex.org/W7027909215"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2126638451","https://openalex.org/W140285439","https://openalex.org/W7203706033","https://openalex.org/W3200459870","https://openalex.org/W2754030439","https://openalex.org/W211810036","https://openalex.org/W4388307615","https://openalex.org/W6939659322","https://openalex.org/W3012989677","https://openalex.org/W3217520395"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Countries":[1],"across":[2,35],"Africa":[3],"continue":[4],"to":[5,25,28],"face":[6],"major":[7],"challenges":[8],"in":[9,85,154,179],"education.":[10],"In":[11],"this":[12],"review,":[13],"we":[14],"examine":[15],"145":[16],"recent":[17],"empirical":[18],"studies":[19,42,53,74,160],"(from":[20],"2014":[21],"onward)":[22],"on":[23,78],"how":[24,40],"increase":[26],"access":[27,156],"and":[29,62,109,119,141,144,157,173,194],"improve":[30],"the":[31,36,52],"quality":[32],"of":[33,51,94,103,120,131,138,147,166,176],"education":[34],"continent,":[37],"specifically":[38],"examining":[39],"these":[41],"update":[43],"previous":[44],"research":[45],"findings.":[46],"We":[47,68],"find":[48],"that":[49,80],"64%":[50],"evaluate":[54,64],"government-implemented":[55],"programs,":[56,133],"36%":[57],"include":[58],"detailed":[59],"cost":[60],"analysis":[61],"35%":[63],"multiple":[65],"treatment":[66],"arms.":[67],"identify":[69],"several":[70],"areas":[71],"where":[72],"new":[73,115],"provide":[75,100],"rigorous":[76],"evidence":[77,87,90],"topics":[79],"do":[81,190],"not":[82],"figure":[83],"prominently":[84],"earlier":[86],"syntheses.":[88],"New":[89,159],"shows":[91],"promising":[92],"impacts":[93,165,175],"structured":[95],"pedagogy":[96],"interventions":[97,184],"(which":[98],"typically":[99],"a":[101,129],"variety":[102],"inputs,":[104],"such":[105],"as":[106,125,127,189],"lesson":[107],"plans":[108],"training":[110],"for":[111,117,170],"teachers":[112],"together":[113],"with":[114],"materials":[116],"students)":[118],"mother":[121],"tongue":[122],"instruction":[123],"interventions,":[124],"well":[126],"from":[128],"range":[130],"teacher":[132],"including":[134],"both":[135,155],"remunerative":[136],"(pay-for-performance":[137],"various":[139],"designs)":[140],"non-remunerative":[142],"(coaching":[143],"certain":[145],"types":[146],"training)":[148],"programs.":[149],"School":[150],"feeding":[151],"delivers":[152],"gains":[153],"learning.":[158],"also":[161],"show":[162],"long-term":[163],"positive":[164,174],"eliminating":[167,177],"school":[168,172,191],"fees":[169,178],"primary":[171],"secondary":[180],"school.":[181],"Education":[182],"technology":[183],"have":[185],"decidedly":[186],"mixed":[187],"impacts,":[188],"grant":[192],"programs":[193,195],"providing":[196],"individual":[197],"learning":[198],"inputs":[199],"(e.g.,":[200],"uniforms":[201],"or":[202],"textbooks).":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2020-12-21T00:00:00"}
