{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3109952040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12243","title":"COVID\u201019 and the US Safety Net*","display_name":"COVID\u201019 and the US Safety Net*","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3109952040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12243","mag":"3109952040","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33362310","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7753471"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1475-5890.12243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12243","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1475-5890.12243","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S141600920","display_name":"Fiscal Studies","issn_l":"0143-5671","issn":["0143-5671","1475-5890"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fiscal Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1475-5890.12243","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083047887","display_name":"Robert Moffitt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3627-3057","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3627-3057"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert A. Moffitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University","[email protected]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[email protected]","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064137803","display_name":"James P. Ziliak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8792-3825","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8792-3825"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James P. Ziliak","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kentucky","[email protected]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kentucky","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[email protected]","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083047887"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2600},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2600},"fwci":22.1204,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99317894,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"3","first_page":"515","last_page":"548"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10443","display_name":"Social Policy and Reform Studies","score":0.5985999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10443","display_name":"Social Policy and Reform Studies","score":0.5985999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.09130000323057175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.06129999831318855,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-safety-nets","display_name":"social safety nets","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unemployment-insurance","display_name":"unemployment insurance","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-assistance-programs","display_name":"food assistance programs","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-stabilizers","display_name":"automatic stabilizers","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-assistance-reform","display_name":"social assistance reform","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-support","display_name":"income support","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-loss","display_name":"job loss","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-downturn","display_name":"economic downturn","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.5580000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778216598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131802","display_name":"Safety net","level":2,"score":0.8803831338882446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778126366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Unemployment","level":2,"score":0.7518499493598938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7298359870910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.7211318016052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195742910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176494","display_name":"Recession","level":2,"score":0.7204258441925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.6575311422348022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5890493392944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778083465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693464","display_name":"Cash","level":2,"score":0.549053430557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138262166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570938","display_name":"Net income","level":2,"score":0.4759347438812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776237081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6015004","display_name":"Income Support","level":2,"score":0.4203316569328308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3703741729259491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.36288827657699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.34421563148498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.32693779468536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.24162638187408447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.22672846913337708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.18353945016860962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14526605606079102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.1117287278175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/1475-5890.12243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12243","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1475-5890.12243","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S141600920","display_name":"Fiscal Studies","issn_l":"0143-5671","issn":["0143-5671","1475-5890"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fiscal Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7753471","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7753471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fisc Stud","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:33362310","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33362310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fiscal studies","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uknowledge.uky.edu:economics_facpub-1012","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://uknowledge.uky.edu/economics_facpub/13","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402623","display_name":"UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","host_organization_name":"University of Kentucky","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Economics Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1475-5890.12243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12243","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1475-5890.12243","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S141600920","display_name":"Fiscal Studies","issn_l":"0143-5671","issn":["0143-5671","1475-5890"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fiscal Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G618104739","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WEL/43603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319997","funder_display_name":"Nuffield Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6648715113","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AE00103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306085","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8504465939","display_name":"ESRC Institute for the Microeconomic Analysis of Public Policy","funder_award_id":"ES/T014334/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306085","display_name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","ror":"https://ror.org/033jnv181"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319997","display_name":"Nuffield Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0281jqk77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3109952040.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3109952040.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W68778798","https://openalex.org/W1521193452","https://openalex.org/W1524112244","https://openalex.org/W1525852319","https://openalex.org/W1528412344","https://openalex.org/W1595939882","https://openalex.org/W2088301275","https://openalex.org/W2096507089","https://openalex.org/W2117472708","https://openalex.org/W2138858971","https://openalex.org/W2169704293","https://openalex.org/W2354734035","https://openalex.org/W2384800063","https://openalex.org/W2463137592","https://openalex.org/W2509709651","https://openalex.org/W2548493320","https://openalex.org/W2765952029","https://openalex.org/W2787554890","https://openalex.org/W2892034232","https://openalex.org/W2985708017","https://openalex.org/W2986624841","https://openalex.org/W2987065057","https://openalex.org/W2987101675","https://openalex.org/W2987477897","https://openalex.org/W2989326032","https://openalex.org/W3022281260","https://openalex.org/W3047850109","https://openalex.org/W3083736501","https://openalex.org/W3090165995","https://openalex.org/W3110559220","https://openalex.org/W3115709348","https://openalex.org/W3123134329","https://openalex.org/W3141525138","https://openalex.org/W4302915191"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3191924603","https://openalex.org/W3092243669","https://openalex.org/W4401880160","https://openalex.org/W4387563957","https://openalex.org/W4403976673","https://openalex.org/W3082812227","https://openalex.org/W7095895936","https://openalex.org/W3173356912","https://openalex.org/W3044692838","https://openalex.org/W6887425380"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,77,114],"examine":[1],"trends":[2],"in":[3,13,33,87,121,131],"employment,":[4],"earnings":[5],"and":[6,17,56,100],"incomes":[7],"over":[8],"the":[9,14,19,28,31,36,63,69,80,88,109,112,122],"last":[10],"two":[11],"decades":[12],"United":[15,123],"States,":[16],"how":[18],"safety":[20,41,81],"net":[21,42,82],"has":[22],"responded":[23],"to":[24,35,62,84,117,125],"changing":[25],"fortunes,":[26],"including":[27],"shutdown":[29],"of":[30,46,68,94,111,133],"economy":[32],"response":[34,83,106],"COVID-19":[37,89],"pandemic.":[38,64],"The":[39],"US":[40],"is":[43],"a":[44],"patchwork":[45],"different":[47],"programmes":[48,70],"providing":[49],"in-kind":[50],"as":[51,53,74],"well":[52],"cash":[54],"benefits,":[55],"it":[57],"had":[58],"many":[59],"holes":[60],"prior":[61],"In":[65],"addition,":[66],"few":[67],"are":[71],"designed":[72],"explicitly":[73],"automatic":[75],"stabilisers.":[76],"show":[78],"that":[79],"employment":[85],"losses":[86],"pandemic":[90],"largely":[91],"consists":[92],"only":[93],"increased":[95],"support":[96],"from":[97],"unemployment":[98],"insurance":[99],"food":[101],"assistance":[102,120],"programmes,":[103],"an":[104],"inadequate":[105],"compared":[107],"with":[108],"magnitude":[110],"downturn.":[113],"discuss":[115],"options":[116],"reform":[118],"social":[119],"States":[124],"provide":[126],"more":[127],"robust":[128],"income":[129],"floors":[130],"times":[132],"economic":[134],"downturns.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-12-07T00:00:00"}