{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3107737871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040196","title":"Computed Tomography-Derived Occipital\u2013Coccygeal Length and Ilium Wing Distance Correlates with Skin to Epidural and Intrathecal Depths in Dogs","display_name":"Computed Tomography-Derived Occipital\u2013Coccygeal Length and Ilium Wing Distance Correlates with Skin to Epidural and Intrathecal Depths in Dogs","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3107737871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040196","mag":"3107737871","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33287250","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7761638"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/vetsci7040196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040196","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/7/4/196/pdf?version=1606990751","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737379694","display_name":"Veterinary Sciences","issn_l":"2306-7381","issn":["2306-7381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Veterinary Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/7/4/196/pdf?version=1606990751","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067715482","display_name":"Tsim Christopher Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1033-8251","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1033-8251"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tsim Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, The University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1033-8251","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, The University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037872885","display_name":"Mariano Makara","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariano Makara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Diagnostic Imaging Unit, The University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diagnostic Imaging Unit, The University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082007281","display_name":"Fernando Mart\u00ednez\u2010Taboada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0083-4764","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0083-4764"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Martinez-Taboada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, The University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0083-4764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, The University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067715482"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1056},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1056},"fwci":0.2385,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50784844,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"196","last_page":"196"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11905","display_name":"Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia","score":0.7440999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11905","display_name":"Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia","score":0.7440999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12249","display_name":"Veterinary Orthopedics and Neurology","score":0.24740000069141388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11580","display_name":"Veterinary Medicine and Surgery","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dogs","display_name":"dogs","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidural-space","display_name":"epidural space","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computed-tomography","display_name":"computed tomography","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ligamentum-flavum","display_name":"ligamentum flavum","score":0.765999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777657843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966104","display_name":"Epidural space","level":2,"score":0.5967168211936951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140530291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225063","display_name":"Dorsum","level":2,"score":0.5910770297050476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178910020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2211994","display_name":"Sagittal plane","level":2,"score":0.5767631530761719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.5548593997955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5477955341339111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.47098395228385925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.4564223289489746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989041947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186290","display_name":"Linear correlation","level":2,"score":0.42818203568458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157820659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320251","display_name":"Intrathecal","level":2,"score":0.4235064685344696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.418388694524765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28852933645248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.1992746889591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.15673154592514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/vetsci7040196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040196","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/7/4/196/pdf?version=1606990751","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737379694","display_name":"Veterinary Sciences","issn_l":"2306-7381","issn":["2306-7381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Veterinary Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33287250","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33287250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Veterinary sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7761638","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7761638/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Vet Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ba04d08c87294d19a0ceaa6b93221eba","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ba04d08c87294d19a0ceaa6b93221eba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Veterinary Sciences, Vol 7, Iss 4, p 196 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/vetsci7040196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040196","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/7/4/196/pdf?version=1606990751","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737379694","display_name":"Veterinary Sciences","issn_l":"2306-7381","issn":["2306-7381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Veterinary Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6240000128746033,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3107737871.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3107737871.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521115423","https://openalex.org/W1919543074","https://openalex.org/W1977968377","https://openalex.org/W1978388013","https://openalex.org/W1979114927","https://openalex.org/W2015928400","https://openalex.org/W2018986416","https://openalex.org/W2025377805","https://openalex.org/W2037988202","https://openalex.org/W2075072883","https://openalex.org/W2089109186","https://openalex.org/W2097229594","https://openalex.org/W2118382615","https://openalex.org/W2125422373","https://openalex.org/W2139812532","https://openalex.org/W2163366704","https://openalex.org/W2166702805","https://openalex.org/W2505347550","https://openalex.org/W2571019657","https://openalex.org/W2895961218","https://openalex.org/W2897738196","https://openalex.org/W2911876871","https://openalex.org/W2921629617","https://openalex.org/W2946532236","https://openalex.org/W2947371830","https://openalex.org/W2981925599","https://openalex.org/W2989340643","https://openalex.org/W3001719348","https://openalex.org/W3126229638","https://openalex.org/W4294718125"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3206218167","https://openalex.org/W2809552258","https://openalex.org/W2118382615","https://openalex.org/W2947371830","https://openalex.org/W7126543209","https://openalex.org/W2089109186","https://openalex.org/W4210732208","https://openalex.org/W3027878697","https://openalex.org/W2981925599","https://openalex.org/W2138152978"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,64,92,117,190],"current":[1],"clinical":[2,375],"techniques":[3],"for":[4,371],"neuraxial":[5],"needle":[6],"placement":[7],"in":[8,40,75,83,373],"dogs":[9,69,82],"are":[10,358],"predominantly":[11],"blind":[12],"without":[13],"prior":[14],"knowledge":[15],"of":[16,67,70,81,142,182,349,364],"the":[17,22,28,32,41,52,89,95,111,120,123,130,133,137,143,323,328,334,341,347,362,365],"depth":[18],"required":[19,359],"to":[20,54,88,104,110,132,360,367],"reach":[21],"desired":[23],"space.":[24,140],"This":[25],"study":[26],"investigated":[27],"correlation":[29,160,210,229,247,270,286,303],"and":[30,46,56,97,102,122,145,151,158,201,226,284,338,340,344],"defined":[31],"relationship":[33,335],"between":[34,94,119,164,211,336],"easily":[35],"obtainable":[36],"external":[37],"landmark":[38],"variables":[39],"dog;":[42],"occipital\u2013coccygeal":[43],"length":[44],"(OCL)":[45],"ilium":[47],"wings":[48],"distance":[49,118],"(IWD),":[50],"with":[51,213,230,250,264,271,287,306,354],"skin":[53,96,103,121,131],"epidural":[55,99],"intrathecal":[57,124],"space":[58,100,106,125],"distances":[59,93],"using":[60],"computed":[61],"tomography":[62],"(CT).":[63],"CT":[65,186],"images":[66],"86":[68],"different":[71],"breeds":[72],"were":[73,86,108,147,162,167,188,192],"examined":[74],"this":[76],"retrospective":[77],"observational":[78],"study.":[79],"Images":[80],"sternal":[84],"recumbency":[85],"optimized":[87],"sagittal":[90],"view.":[91],"lumbosacral":[98],"(LSE)":[101],"sacrococcygeal":[105],"(SCE)":[107],"measured":[109,128],"ligamentum":[112],"flavum":[113],"surrogate":[114],"(LFS)":[115],"line.":[116],"(ITS)":[126],"was":[127,174,207,248,267,304,352],"from":[129,322],"vertebral":[134],"canal":[135],"at":[136],"interlumbar":[138],"(L5\u2013L6)":[139],"Measurements":[141],"IWD":[144,275,291,310,337],"OCL":[146,212,217,234,254,339],"performed":[148],"on":[149],"dorsal":[150],"scout":[152],"views,":[153],"respectively.":[154],"Linear":[155],"regression":[156,325],"equations":[157],"Pearson\u2019s":[159],"coefficients":[161],"calculated":[163],"variables.":[165],"Data":[166],"reported":[168],"as":[169,176],"mean":[170],"(standard":[171],"deviation).":[172],"Significance":[173],"set":[175],"alpha":[177],"<":[178,224,241,261,282,298,317],"0.05.":[179],"After":[180],"exclusion":[181],"four":[183],"dogs,":[184],"82":[185],"scans":[187],"included.":[189],"depths":[191],"LSE":[193,214,272],"45":[194],"(15)":[195,204],"mm,":[196,200],"SCE":[197,251,307,343],"23":[198],"(10)":[199],"ITS":[202,231,288],"50":[203],"mm.":[205],"There":[206],"a":[208,227,244,268,301,374],"moderate":[209,269],"(=14.2":[215],"+":[216,233,253,274,290,309],"*":[218,235,255,276,292,311],"0.05":[219],"(r":[220,237,257,278,294,313],"=":[221,238,258,279,295,314],"0.59,":[222],"p":[223,240,260,281,297,316],"0.0001)),":[225,242,283,299],"strong":[228,285],"(=11.4":[232],"0.07":[236],"0.76,":[239],"while":[243,300,346],"very":[245],"weak":[246,302],"found":[249,305],"(=14.0":[252],"0.02":[256],"0.27,":[259],"0.0584)).":[262],"Similarly,":[263],"IWD,":[265],"there":[266],"(=10.8":[273],"0.56":[277],"0.61,":[280],"(=9.2":[289],"0.67":[293],"0.75,":[296],"(=11.2":[308],"0.2":[312],"0.32,":[315],"0.0033)).":[318],"Mathematical":[319],"formulae":[320],"derived":[321],"multiple":[324],"showed":[326],"that":[327],"body":[329,350],"condition":[330],"score":[331],"(BCS)":[332],"improved":[333],"LSE,":[342],"ITS,":[345],"addition":[348],"weight":[351],"associated":[353],"multicollinearity.":[355],"Further":[356],"studies":[357],"determine":[361],"accuracy":[363],"algorithms":[366],"demonstrate":[368],"their":[369],"ability":[370],"prediction":[372],"setting.":[376]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2020-12-07T00:00:00"}