{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3105929196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198250791.003.0008","title":"Letters on Logic to Max Newman (c.1940)","display_name":"Letters on Logic to Max Newman (c.1940)","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3105929196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198250791.003.0008","mag":"3105929196"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780198250791.003.0008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198250791.003.0008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198250791.003.0008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463708","display_name":"Oxford University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Essential Turing","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4233530996","display_name":"The Essential Turing"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066565862","display_name":"Alan Mathison Turing","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alan Turing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066565862"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40108611,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"205","last_page":"216"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.37599998712539673,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.37599998712539673,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12170","display_name":"History and Theory of Mathematics","score":0.302700012922287,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.17569999396800995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alan-turing","display_name":"Alan Turing","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lambda-calculus","display_name":"lambda calculus","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alonzo-church","display_name":"Alonzo Church","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-logic","display_name":"formal logic","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bletchley-park","display_name":"Bletchley Park","score":0.8159999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34769630432128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3418493866920471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32718926668167114}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780198250791.003.0008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198250791.003.0008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198250791.003.0008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463708","display_name":"Oxford University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Essential Turing","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1594912681","https://openalex.org/W2154273644","https://openalex.org/W2323777246","https://openalex.org/W2323803659"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2397545341","https://openalex.org/W2947699723","https://openalex.org/W3101010549","https://openalex.org/W2315391713","https://openalex.org/W7064213131","https://openalex.org/W2197764828","https://openalex.org/W2741845266","https://openalex.org/W2491659661","https://openalex.org/W3125701152","https://openalex.org/W577185743"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"At":[1],"the":[2,24,28,38,48,70,75,106,117,151,154,178,187,194,271,303,308,312,323],"outbreak":[3],"of":[4,27,41,78,108,153,190,241,249,307,314,322],"war":[5],"with":[6,167],"Germany":[7],"in":[8,74,148,171,213,231,238,252,257,270,291,302,332],"September":[9],"1939,":[10],"Turing":[11,43,60,112,132,169,202,265,282,334],"left":[12,123],"Cambridge":[13,49,124],"to":[14,86,95,104,114,141,145,164,175,180,246,273],"take":[15],"up":[16],"work":[17,229,341],"as":[18,90,292],"a":[19,45,267],"codebreaker":[20],"at":[21,69,135,215,300],"Bletchley":[22,126],"Park,":[23],"wartime":[25],"headquarters":[26],"Government":[29],"Code":[30],"and":[31,58,217,219,255,279,305,342],"Cypher":[32],"School":[33],"(see":[34,177,277],"\u2018Enigma\u2019,":[35],"below).":[36],"In":[37,128],"early":[39],"months":[40,119],"1940,":[42],"received":[44],"letter":[46,131],"from":[47,66,173,200,336],"mathematician":[50],"M.":[51],"H.":[52],"A.":[53],"Newman,":[54,83],"his":[55,67,129,285,296,337,344],"teacher,":[56],"colleague,":[57],"friend.":[59],"replied":[61],"on":[62,149,193,227,339],"23":[63],"March,":[64],"writing":[65],"lodgings":[68],"Crown":[71],"Inn":[72],"(situated":[73],"small":[76],"village":[77],"Shenley":[79],"Brook":[80],"End):":[81],"\u2018Dear":[82],"Very":[84],"glad":[85],"get":[87],"your":[88],"letter,":[89],"I":[91],"needed":[92],"some":[93],"stimulus":[94],"make":[96],"me":[97],"start":[98],"thinking":[99],"about":[100],"logic.\u2019":[101],"This":[102],"was":[103,212,222,244,262],"be":[105],"first":[107,130],"five":[109],"letters":[110,138,184],"that":[111],"wrote":[113],"Newman":[115,121,221],"during":[116],"seventeen":[118],"before":[120],"too":[122],"for":[125,186],"Park.":[127],"agreed":[133],"(presumably":[134],"Newman\u2019s":[136],"request\u2014Newman\u2019s":[137],"seem":[139],"not":[140],"have":[142],"been":[143],"preserved)":[144],"\u2018let":[146],"[Newman]":[147],"\u2026":[150],"tricks":[152],"conversion":[155,158,195],"calculus\u2019.":[156],"The":[157,260,317],"calculus,":[159,196],"or":[160],"\u2018\u03bb-calculus\u2019,":[161],"is":[162],"due":[163],"Alonzo":[165],"Church,":[166],"whom":[168],"studied":[170],"Princeton":[172,216],"1936":[174],"1938":[176],"introduction":[179],"Chapter":[181],"3).":[182],"Turing\u2019s":[183],"consist":[185],"most":[188,319],"part":[189],"detailed":[191],"remarks":[192],"often":[197],"elucidating":[198],"material":[199],"what":[201],"calls":[203],"\u2018Church\u2019s":[204],"notes\u2019\u2014a":[205],"substantial":[206,330],"typescript":[207],"entitled":[208],"\u2018Mathematical":[209],"Logic\u2019":[210],"which":[211,220,243,325,333],"circulation":[214],"elsewhere":[218],"evidently":[223],"reading.":[224],"Their":[225],"correspondence":[226],"Church\u2019s":[228,239,247,340],"issued":[230],"their":[232],"joint":[233],"paper":[234,261],"\u2018A":[235],"Formal":[236],"Theorem":[237],"Theory":[240],"Types\u2019,":[242],"submitted":[245],"Journal":[248],"Symbolic":[250],"Logic":[251],"May":[253],"1941":[254],"published":[256],"March":[258],"1942.":[259],"written":[263],"while":[264],"played":[266],"leading":[268],"role":[269],"battle":[272],"break":[274],"Naval":[275],"Enigma":[276],"\u2018Enigma\u2019":[278],"Chapters":[280],"5\u20138).":[281],"would":[283],"spend":[284],"occasional":[286],"nights":[287],"off":[288],"duty":[289],"\u2018coming":[290],"usual":[293],"\u2026,":[294],"doing":[295],"own":[297,345],"mathematical":[298],"research":[299],"night,":[301],"warmth":[304],"light":[306],"office,":[309],"without":[310],"interrupting":[311],"routine":[313],"daytime":[315],"sleep\u2019.":[316],"two":[318],"interesting":[320],"items":[321],"correspondence,":[324],"are":[326],"printed":[327],"here,":[328],"contain":[329],"passages":[331],"departs":[335],"commentary":[338],"expounds":[343],"views.":[346]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-11-23T00:00:00"}