{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3103869002","doi":null,"title":"3 The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond","display_name":"3 The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3103869002","mag":"3103869002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.743.9147","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.743.9147","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.3288.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102761690","display_name":"Marcus W. Doherty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5473-6481","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5473-6481"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marcus W. Doherty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia","School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"B Neil B. Manson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B Neil B. Manson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"B Paul Delaney","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55513165","display_name":"Tyndall National Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/007ecwd34","country_code":"IE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27577105","https://openalex.org/I55513165"]}],"countries":["GB","IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B Paul Delaney","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN, United Kingdom","Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55513165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021567937","display_name":"Fedor Jelezko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5759-3917","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5759-3917"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fedor Jelezko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Quantenoptik, Universit\u00e4t Ulm, Ulm D-89073, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Quantenoptik, Universit\u00e4t Ulm, Ulm D-89073, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"D Jo\u0308rg Wrachtrupe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D Jo\u0308rg Wrachtrupe","raw_affiliation_strings":["3rd Institute of Physics and Research Center SCOPE, University Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3rd Institute of Physics and Research Center SCOPE, University Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006045678","display_name":"Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7672-6965","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7672-6965"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lloyd C. L. Hollenberga","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102761690"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636","https://openalex.org/I165779595"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1155,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10478","display_name":"Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10478","display_name":"Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11414","display_name":"Quantum optics and atomic interactions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-vacancy-centers","display_name":"nitrogen-vacancy centers","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diamond","display_name":"diamond","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-centers","display_name":"color centers","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-technologies","display_name":"quantum technologies","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-metrology","display_name":"quantum metrology","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information-processing","display_name":"quantum information processing","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-communication","display_name":"quantum communication","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"nanotechnology","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-diffraction-imaging","display_name":"sub-diffraction imaging","score":0.7680000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776921476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283","display_name":"Diamond","level":2,"score":0.8770951628684998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95013731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269071","display_name":"Quantum metrology","level":5,"score":0.7942598462104797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7721266746520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.6374269723892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114221277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899743","display_name":"Vacancy defect","level":2,"score":0.627690315246582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116696211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155677","display_name":"Nitrogen-vacancy center","level":3,"score":0.5368016362190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4716213047504425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987822364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information processing","level":3,"score":0.4665980339050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195766429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q394","display_name":"Metrology","level":2,"score":0.45982033014297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190463098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081419","display_name":"Quantum technology","level":4,"score":0.4483639895915985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207114421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133900","display_name":"Diffraction","level":2,"score":0.4331584572792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.41322439908981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61696701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766","display_name":"Engineering physics","level":1,"score":0.3568171262741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3209659457206726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.23630085587501526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.211035817861557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190474826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495111","display_name":"Open quantum system","level":3,"score":0.15156430006027222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.743.9147","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.743.9147","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.3288.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":190,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W187172663","https://openalex.org/W592536639","https://openalex.org/W1484479398","https://openalex.org/W1500531877","https://openalex.org/W1517719264","https://openalex.org/W1535211234","https://openalex.org/W1538519378","https://openalex.org/W1556953795","https://openalex.org/W1576302787","https://openalex.org/W1603769511","https://openalex.org/W1677237169","https://openalex.org/W1801347850","https://openalex.org/W1804446679","https://openalex.org/W1839523072","https://openalex.org/W1840376913","https://openalex.org/W1889184373","https://openalex.org/W1964801413","https://openalex.org/W1964936858","https://openalex.org/W1966135110","https://openalex.org/W1967805874","https://openalex.org/W1968429638","https://openalex.org/W1968795496","https://openalex.org/W1969226577","https://openalex.org/W1971559309","https://openalex.org/W1972395757","https://openalex.org/W1974765622","https://openalex.org/W1974973006","https://openalex.org/W1975583935","https://openalex.org/W1978067694","https://openalex.org/W1978273210","https://openalex.org/W1978304896","https://openalex.org/W1979533634","https://openalex.org/W1980583020","https://openalex.org/W1980845370","https://openalex.org/W1985489608","https://openalex.org/W1985809477","https://openalex.org/W1986925661","https://openalex.org/W1989596474","https://openalex.org/W1991563872","https://openalex.org/W1992511568","https://openalex.org/W1995664068","https://openalex.org/W1997136050","https://openalex.org/W1997455972","https://openalex.org/W1997690721","https://openalex.org/W1997887550","https://openalex.org/W1998572187","https://openalex.org/W1998924830","https://openalex.org/W1999215959","https://openalex.org/W2001944187","https://openalex.org/W2002181702","https://openalex.org/W2003597484","https://openalex.org/W2005044957","https://openalex.org/W2007706691","https://openalex.org/W2008585032","https://openalex.org/W2009182698","https://openalex.org/W2009315184","https://openalex.org/W2012211644","https://openalex.org/W2013192063","https://openalex.org/W2014226041","https://openalex.org/W2014657566","https://openalex.org/W2015811158","https://openalex.org/W2016175624","https://openalex.org/W2016708493","https://openalex.org/W2018718340","https://openalex.org/W2019245081","https://openalex.org/W2020007601","https://openalex.org/W2020828820","https://openalex.org/W2023033932","https://openalex.org/W2025038969","https://openalex.org/W2028464623","https://openalex.org/W2029316507","https://openalex.org/W2030890070","https://openalex.org/W2031087977","https://openalex.org/W2032958754","https://openalex.org/W2033615669","https://openalex.org/W2035273966","https://openalex.org/W2035694405","https://openalex.org/W2035991563","https://openalex.org/W2036547226","https://openalex.org/W2041712201","https://openalex.org/W2041826606","https://openalex.org/W2042253076","https://openalex.org/W2042901212","https://openalex.org/W2043069843","https://openalex.org/W2043410725","https://openalex.org/W2043689987","https://openalex.org/W2044338881","https://openalex.org/W2045067401","https://openalex.org/W2046087996","https://openalex.org/W2046220796","https://openalex.org/W2046405885","https://openalex.org/W2046677263","https://openalex.org/W2047166938","https://openalex.org/W2047559570","https://openalex.org/W2048350624","https://openalex.org/W2048389281","https://openalex.org/W2049742583","https://openalex.org/W2049767388","https://openalex.org/W2049959136","https://openalex.org/W2050241451","https://openalex.org/W2051118914","https://openalex.org/W2052044314","https://openalex.org/W2052655389","https://openalex.org/W2053407055","https://openalex.org/W2054265686","https://openalex.org/W2055289218","https://openalex.org/W2057264147","https://openalex.org/W2057380130","https://openalex.org/W2057568133","https://openalex.org/W2057767191","https://openalex.org/W2058092601","https://openalex.org/W2058988660","https://openalex.org/W2059065439","https://openalex.org/W2060389128","https://openalex.org/W2060693511","https://openalex.org/W2061648590","https://openalex.org/W2062375068","https://openalex.org/W2063309273","https://openalex.org/W2063325978","https://openalex.org/W2064805938","https://openalex.org/W2065703469","https://openalex.org/W2067693627","https://openalex.org/W2068287389","https://openalex.org/W2068778288","https://openalex.org/W2070076168","https://openalex.org/W2070580069","https://openalex.org/W2072122489","https://openalex.org/W2072606828","https://openalex.org/W2072726797","https://openalex.org/W2073502776","https://openalex.org/W2074936128","https://openalex.org/W2076677450","https://openalex.org/W2077381168","https://openalex.org/W2078208248","https://openalex.org/W2079829704","https://openalex.org/W2080839098","https://openalex.org/W2082684342","https://openalex.org/W2086380189","https://openalex.org/W2086496217","https://openalex.org/W2086842703","https://openalex.org/W2088258091","https://openalex.org/W2088393580","https://openalex.org/W2091938558","https://openalex.org/W2092045618","https://openalex.org/W2093138177","https://openalex.org/W2093546232","https://openalex.org/W2093773177","https://openalex.org/W2094375774","https://openalex.org/W2094381161","https://openalex.org/W2097856932","https://openalex.org/W2104620524","https://openalex.org/W2104739343","https://openalex.org/W2105188292","https://openalex.org/W2108034224","https://openalex.org/W2108479345","https://openalex.org/W2110857686","https://openalex.org/W2114225808","https://openalex.org/W2116785058","https://openalex.org/W2124327942","https://openalex.org/W2126576483","https://openalex.org/W2126833187","https://openalex.org/W2128081221","https://openalex.org/W2142917383","https://openalex.org/W2143522720","https://openalex.org/W2144056677","https://openalex.org/W2145429773","https://openalex.org/W2148630812","https://openalex.org/W2148762748","https://openalex.org/W2149048031","https://openalex.org/W2149317211","https://openalex.org/W2151341192","https://openalex.org/W2153562089","https://openalex.org/W2156251466","https://openalex.org/W2158485710","https://openalex.org/W2158681708","https://openalex.org/W2166891485","https://openalex.org/W2230728100","https://openalex.org/W2271979700","https://openalex.org/W2369433177","https://openalex.org/W2761198407","https://openalex.org/W2783338211","https://openalex.org/W2920884960","https://openalex.org/W2950683416","https://openalex.org/W3100636388","https://openalex.org/W3103551192","https://openalex.org/W3105860148","https://openalex.org/W3106365531","https://openalex.org/W3143454455","https://openalex.org/W3217095627","https://openalex.org/W4386770874"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045293822","https://openalex.org/W2951799190","https://openalex.org/W2065685075","https://openalex.org/W4414957459","https://openalex.org/W4231417350","https://openalex.org/W2969462593","https://openalex.org/W7064602486","https://openalex.org/W7128121748","https://openalex.org/W3024646821","https://openalex.org/W4401300205"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"nitrogen-vacancy":[1],"(NV)":[2],"colour":[3],"centre":[4,68,78,142],"in":[5,41],"diamond":[6],"is":[7,69],"an":[8],"important":[9],"physical":[10],"system":[11],"for":[12,26,37,149],"emergent":[13],"quantum":[14,17,42],"technologies,":[15],"including":[16],"metrology,":[18],"information":[19],"processing":[20],"and":[21,32,36,49,52,89,107,119,145],"communications,":[22],"as":[23,25,30],"well":[24,70],"various":[27],"nanotechnologies,":[28],"such":[29],"biological":[31],"sub-diffraction":[33],"limit":[34],"imaging,":[35],"tests":[38],"of":[39,47,57,66,75,125,129],"entanglement":[40],"mechanics.":[43],"Given":[44],"this":[45],"array":[46],"existing":[48],"potential":[50],"applications":[51],"the":[53,64,67,73,76,100,104,115,126,130,135,140,146],"almost":[54],"50":[55],"years":[56],"NV":[58,77,117,141],"research,":[59],"one":[60,122],"would":[61],"expect":[62],"that":[63,103],"physics":[65],"understood,":[71],"however,":[72],"study":[74],"has":[79],"proved":[80],"challenging,":[81],"with":[82],"many":[83,90],"early":[84],"assertions":[85],"now":[86],"believed":[87],"false":[88],"remaining":[91],"issues":[92,138],"yet":[93],"to":[94],"be":[95],"resolved.":[96],"This":[97],"review":[98],"represents":[99],"first":[101],"time":[102],"key":[105,136],"empirical":[106],"ab":[108],"initio":[109],"results":[110],"have":[111],"been":[112],"extracted":[113],"from":[114],"extensive":[116],"literature":[118],"assembled":[120],"into":[121],"consistent":[123],"picture":[124],"current":[127],"understanding":[128],"centre.":[131],"As":[132],"a":[133],"result,":[134],"unresolved":[137],"concerning":[139],"are":[143,152],"identified":[144],"possible":[147],"avenues":[148],"their":[150],"resolution":[151],"examined.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":197},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":193},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":195},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":159},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":122},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":95},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2020-11-23T00:00:00"}