{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3102550765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012200510","title":"Demystifying Disproportionality: Exploring Educator Beliefs about Special Education Referrals for English Learners","display_name":"Demystifying Disproportionality: Exploring Educator Beliefs about Special Education Referrals for English Learners","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3102550765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012200510","mag":"3102550765"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/016146812012200510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012200510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012200510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74847328","display_name":"Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education","issn_l":"0040-0475","issn":["0040-0475","0161-4681","1467-9620"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100417978","display_name":"Soyoung Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1353-1447","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1353-1447"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169940031","display_name":"Bank Street College of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/04v44vh53","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169940031"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soyoung Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bank Street College of Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bank Street College of Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169940031"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100417978"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169940031"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.4458,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98355821,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"122","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14017","display_name":"Legal Issues in Education","score":0.15770000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14017","display_name":"Legal Issues in Education","score":0.15770000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.15729999542236328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.15629999339580536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-language-learners","display_name":"English language learners","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-education-referral","display_name":"special education referral","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-disproportionality","display_name":"educational disproportionality","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-beliefs","display_name":"teacher beliefs","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disability-identification","display_name":"disability identification","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-education-eligibility","display_name":"special education eligibility","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deficit-views","display_name":"deficit views","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elementary-school-students","display_name":"elementary school students","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-schools","display_name":"urban schools","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-rights-law","display_name":"civil rights legislation","score":0.6209999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28858896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212105","display_name":"Special education","level":2,"score":0.7956711053848267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5242559","display_name":"Referral","level":2,"score":0.7381779551506042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5662434101104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.48447680473327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.4741244316101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.4583247900009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.43722105026245117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.43047934770584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.4230853319168091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.4197540879249573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3810407519340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3728804588317871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2512352168560028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19914734363555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.14881759881973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.11658963561058044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.1125434935092926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.09818574786186218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/016146812012200510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012200510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012200510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74847328","display_name":"Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education","issn_l":"0040-0475","issn":["0040-0475","0161-4681","1467-9620"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":1.0,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.975600004196167,"display_name":"Quality education"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.46149998903274536,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W37322399","https://openalex.org/W110108132","https://openalex.org/W604933331","https://openalex.org/W1516534262","https://openalex.org/W1523395554","https://openalex.org/W1525559749","https://openalex.org/W1594874760","https://openalex.org/W1600912621","https://openalex.org/W1963581388","https://openalex.org/W1983927464","https://openalex.org/W1983981789","https://openalex.org/W1995117306","https://openalex.org/W2003760300","https://openalex.org/W2006017717","https://openalex.org/W2006148913","https://openalex.org/W2007791624","https://openalex.org/W2009972838","https://openalex.org/W2015616706","https://openalex.org/W2023344103","https://openalex.org/W2041146887","https://openalex.org/W2043424609","https://openalex.org/W2079752628","https://openalex.org/W2096445404","https://openalex.org/W2104275035","https://openalex.org/W2111256197","https://openalex.org/W2111405197","https://openalex.org/W2118307611","https://openalex.org/W2119571761","https://openalex.org/W2121405169","https://openalex.org/W2136083798","https://openalex.org/W2145588116","https://openalex.org/W2149355902","https://openalex.org/W2153646932","https://openalex.org/W2158805626","https://openalex.org/W2162408548","https://openalex.org/W2164207710","https://openalex.org/W2166100854","https://openalex.org/W2166228697","https://openalex.org/W2170109069","https://openalex.org/W2277546323","https://openalex.org/W2293759765","https://openalex.org/W2390008750","https://openalex.org/W2496896894","https://openalex.org/W2531548746","https://openalex.org/W2766188309","https://openalex.org/W2917242210","https://openalex.org/W4230437022","https://openalex.org/W4230454574","https://openalex.org/W4255765164","https://openalex.org/W4392587452"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2601041921","https://openalex.org/W2189052447","https://openalex.org/W2930398870","https://openalex.org/W7028122045","https://openalex.org/W2469378950","https://openalex.org/W2747830618","https://openalex.org/W2734926024","https://openalex.org/W7096188408","https://openalex.org/W1597499696","https://openalex.org/W1847988834"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Federal":[1],"civil":[2],"rights":[3],"law":[4],"requires":[5,364],"that":[6,36,118,310,323,339],"English":[7,370],"learners":[8],"(ELs)":[9],"with":[10,39,45,244],"potential":[11],"disabilities":[12],"be":[13,51,285],"identified":[14],"in":[15,31,53,56,64,98,115,144,177,266,308,368],"a":[16,159,199],"timely":[17],"and":[18,61,95,129,186,194,209,215,254,287,301,318,328,361,372,384],"appropriate":[19],"manner.":[20],"Decades":[21],"of":[22,27,43,84,158,201,248,274,315,356,359,380,387],"research":[23,110,154,207],"documenting":[24],"the":[25,40,57,102,116,145,165,189,219,223,236,249,258,288,290,313,354,366],"problem":[26],"disproportionality":[28,70,343],"among":[29,211],"ELs":[30,44,47,94,133,172,332],"special":[32,54,103,135,166,225,260,281,298,334],"education":[33,55,104,167,226,261,335],"suggest,":[34],"however,":[35],"educators":[37,97,265],"struggle":[38],"proper":[41],"identification":[42,168,227],"disabilities.":[46],"are":[48,72,374],"found":[49,270],"to":[50,131,134,257,271,280,284,312,330,333,341,351],"underrepresented":[52],"early":[58],"elementary":[59,66,175],"years":[60],"overrepresented":[62],"beginning":[63],"upper":[65],"school.":[67],"Although":[68],"these":[69,306,381],"patterns":[71],"well":[73,138],"documented,":[74],"little":[75],"is":[76],"known":[77],"about":[78,127,297,326],"why":[79],"this":[80,89,231,267,345],"phenomenon":[81],"persists.":[82],"Purpose":[83],"Study":[85],"This":[86,152,348],"study":[87,155,221,268,349],"addresses":[88],"gap":[90],"by":[91],"following":[92],"16":[93,171],"their":[96,388],"real":[99],"time":[100],"through":[101],"referral":[105,146,237,250],"process.":[106,238],"Using":[107],"participant":[108,205],"observation":[109,206],"methods,":[111,204,208],"I":[112,123,197],"explore":[113],"mechanisms":[114,338],"field":[117,213],"might":[119],"explain":[120,342],"disproportionality.":[121],"Specifically,":[122],"examine":[124],"educator":[125,324],"beliefs":[126,142,296,307,325],"whether":[128,327],"when":[130,329],"refer":[132,331],"education,":[136,299],"as":[137,139,337],"how":[140,353],"those":[141],"manifest":[143],"process":[147,169,228,251],"for":[148,170,229,252,344],"ELs.":[149],"Research":[150],"Design":[151],"qualitative":[153],"was":[156],"part":[157],"yearlong":[160],"multilevel":[161],"project":[162,182],"looking":[163],"at":[164,173,188],"two":[174,275],"schools":[176],"an":[178],"urban":[179],"district.":[180],"The":[181,264,320],"involved":[183],"data":[184,240],"collection":[185],"analysis":[187,203],"federal":[190],"policy,":[191],"district,":[192],"school,":[193],"student":[195,346,382],"levels.":[196],"used":[198],"combination":[200],"document":[202],"triangulation":[210],"interviews,":[212],"observations,":[214],"archival":[216],"documents.":[217],"Whereas":[218],"larger":[220],"investigated":[222],"entire":[224],"ELs,":[230,253,300],"article":[232],"focuses":[233],"on":[234,305],"just":[235],"Relevant":[239],"collected":[241],"include":[242],"interviews":[243],"school":[245],"staff,":[246],"observations":[247],"documents":[255],"tied":[256],"ELs\u2019":[259],"referrals.":[262],"Conclusions":[263],"were":[269],"adopt":[272],"one":[273],"stances":[276,293],"regarding":[277],"EL":[278,360],"referrals":[279],"education:":[282],"wait":[283],"sure":[286],"sooner":[289],"better.":[291],"These":[292],"reflected":[294],"educators\u2019":[295],"teachers.":[302],"Teachers":[303],"acted":[304],"way":[309],"led":[311],"co-construction":[314,358],"\u201cEnglish":[316],"learner\u201d":[317],"\u201cdisability.\u201d":[319],"findings":[321],"suggest":[322],"serve":[336],"help":[340],"group.":[347],"brings":[350],"light":[352],"prevention":[355],"erroneous":[357],"disability":[362,373],"statuses":[363],"changing":[365],"ways":[367],"which":[369],"learner":[371],"conceptualized\u2014shifting":[375],"away":[376],"from":[377],"deficit":[378],"views":[379],"groups":[383],"toward":[385],"recognition":[386],"many":[389],"assets.":[390]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-07T09:51:55.459714","created_date":"2020-11-23T00:00:00"}
