{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3098484102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012201401","title":"Early Warning Indicators in Education: Innovations, Uses, and Optimal Conditions for Effectiveness","display_name":"Early Warning Indicators in Education: Innovations, Uses, and Optimal Conditions for Effectiveness","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3098484102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012201401","mag":"3098484102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/016146812012201401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012201401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012201401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74847328","display_name":"Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education","issn_l":"0040-0475","issn":["0040-0475","0161-4681","1467-9620"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027289755","display_name":"Laura Wentworth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5195-4475","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5195-4475"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090161","display_name":"California Education Partners","ror":"https://ror.org/00argmn34","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090161"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Wentworth","raw_affiliation_strings":["California Education Partners"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California Education Partners","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010415381","display_name":"Jenny Nagaoka","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090161","display_name":"California Education Partners","ror":"https://ror.org/00argmn34","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090161"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jenny Nagaoka","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago","California Education Partners"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"California Education Partners","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2407,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8664939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"122","issue":"14","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-warning-indicators","display_name":"early warning indicators","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-warning-systems","display_name":"early warning systems","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/at-risk-student-identification","display_name":"at-risk student identification","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-school-graduation","display_name":"high school graduation","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-data-use","display_name":"educational data use","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-driven-decision-making","display_name":"data-driven decision making","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-leadership","display_name":"school leadership","score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-emotional-learning","display_name":"social-emotional learning","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/every-student-succeeds-act","display_name":"Every Student Succeeds Act","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/no-child-left-behind-act","display_name":"No Child Left Behind Act","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/achievement-gap","display_name":"achievement gap","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-intervention","display_name":"early intervention","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-analytics-in-education","display_name":"data analytics in education","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-practice-gap","display_name":"research-practice gap","score":0.38999998569488525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779529714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632744","display_name":"Graduation (instrument)","level":2,"score":0.6137220859527588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.5819693207740784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5639786720275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4438859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186117","display_name":"Timeline","level":2,"score":0.5600200295448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5519284605979919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543","display_name":"Pace","level":2,"score":0.5376618504524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777501827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10283140","display_name":"Yearbook","level":2,"score":0.49656587839126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.4336034059524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135510737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Performance indicator","level":2,"score":0.42250022292137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.41879627108573914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4103281795978546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3976430296897888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3973385691642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.27127188444137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.21795865893363953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16379597783088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1538868546485901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15020999312400818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.13525390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/016146812012201401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012201401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012201401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74847328","display_name":"Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education","issn_l":"0040-0475","issn":["0040-0475","0161-4681","1467-9620"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9235000014305115}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.5}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13459265","https://openalex.org/W14585722","https://openalex.org/W215667237","https://openalex.org/W1492095792","https://openalex.org/W1597546876","https://openalex.org/W1853636458","https://openalex.org/W1955103787","https://openalex.org/W1980245075","https://openalex.org/W1992793672","https://openalex.org/W2002205288","https://openalex.org/W2024138315","https://openalex.org/W2027585704","https://openalex.org/W2040745621","https://openalex.org/W2042110295","https://openalex.org/W2067782908","https://openalex.org/W2069240093","https://openalex.org/W2073984073","https://openalex.org/W2099276306","https://openalex.org/W2101632421","https://openalex.org/W2118039332","https://openalex.org/W2123154218","https://openalex.org/W2126013491","https://openalex.org/W2147678577","https://openalex.org/W2152253382","https://openalex.org/W2290214234","https://openalex.org/W2293750660","https://openalex.org/W2346868755","https://openalex.org/W2369530611","https://openalex.org/W2412444106","https://openalex.org/W2440018143","https://openalex.org/W2487875896","https://openalex.org/W2518165160","https://openalex.org/W2520870217","https://openalex.org/W2572611419","https://openalex.org/W2604285970","https://openalex.org/W2605901732","https://openalex.org/W2726006236","https://openalex.org/W2734974632","https://openalex.org/W2774502150","https://openalex.org/W2775003108","https://openalex.org/W2789664010","https://openalex.org/W2885160479","https://openalex.org/W2900146782","https://openalex.org/W2906355898","https://openalex.org/W2912371425","https://openalex.org/W2950679978","https://openalex.org/W2955317422","https://openalex.org/W2964632632","https://openalex.org/W2995703487","https://openalex.org/W4206369992","https://openalex.org/W4251321612","https://openalex.org/W4256016532"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944428445","https://openalex.org/W3216222644","https://openalex.org/W7098397322","https://openalex.org/W1980245075","https://openalex.org/W2972624905","https://openalex.org/W2755285830","https://openalex.org/W2134963533","https://openalex.org/W2116554310","https://openalex.org/W2069240093","https://openalex.org/W2067782908"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background/Context":[0],"The":[1,232,465,543],"passage":[2],"of":[3,37,60,96,109,172,184,194,209,218,228,234,240,242,251,268,347,428,442,492,520,540,549,569],"the":[4,13,23,29,32,52,55,58,120,140,147,173,176,180,189,199,210,216,219,226,235,243,252,302,365,381,397,424,435,438,452,457,477,488,493,502,515,518,525,536,541,551,565],"No":[5],"Child":[6],"Left":[7],"Behind":[8],"Act":[9,17],"in":[10,18,22,40,63,66,107,192,256,260,273,331,360,387,399,419,495,504],"2002":[11],"and":[12,48,150,182,222,246,291,306,316,373,383,395,403,415,426,430,440,461,482,484,490,538,558,567],"Every":[14],"Student":[15],"Succeeds":[16],"2015":[19],"spurred":[20],"changes":[21],"way":[24],"educators":[25],"use":[26,59,183,227,358,389,441,476,491,539,568],"data.":[27],"On":[28,51],"one":[30],"hand,":[31,54],"policies":[33,56],"inspired":[34,57],"educators\u2019":[35],"awareness":[36],"large":[38],"gaps":[39],"achievement":[41],"between":[42],"subgroups":[43],"based":[44,145],"on":[45,146,160,285,341,437,473,511,517,531],"gender,":[46],"race,":[47],"socioeconomic":[49],"status.":[50],"other":[53,307],"data-based":[61],"indicators":[62,89,186,259,272,278,324,339,359,372,429,444,458,478,494],"day-to-day":[64],"routines":[65],"schools.":[67],"In":[68],"some":[69,250],"cases,":[70],"practitioners":[71,111,280,293,330,379],"started":[72],"working":[73],"with":[74,112,204,294,451,535],"researchers":[75],"to":[76,83,114,118,142,154,287,296,300,357,376,385,390,448,475,479,514,523,563],"analyze":[77],"data":[78,413],"using":[79,524],"advanced":[80],"measurement":[81,512],"techniques":[82],"develop":[84],"\u201cearly":[85,127],"warning":[86,128,206,230,258,323,338,571],"indicators.\u201d":[87],"These":[88],"identify":[90],"when":[91,281,327],"students":[92,157,282],"are":[93,158,283,325,459],"at":[94,178,455],"risk":[95],"not":[97,284],"achieving":[98],"key":[99,348],"milestones,":[100],"such":[101,164,350],"as":[102,165,169,351,527,529,554,556],"graduating":[103],"from":[104,368],"high":[105,166,352],"school,":[106],"hopes":[108],"providing":[110,369],"time":[113,295],"intervene":[115,297],"early":[116,205,229,257,298,322,337,570],"enough":[117,299],"change":[119,301],"students\u2019":[121],"trajectories.":[122],"Educational":[123],"leaders":[124,141],"have":[125,275,422],"created":[126],"systems\u201d":[129],"that":[130,224,320,344,378,396],"produce":[131],"reports":[132],"summarizing":[133],"these":[134,185,277,321,443],"indicators,":[135,516,526],"provide":[136,292,318,507],"a":[137,151,170,195,238,266,416,469],"process":[138,153],"for":[139,560],"organize":[143],"interventions":[144],"indicator":[148,388,406],"reports,":[149],"further":[152,446,561],"examine":[155],"whether":[156],"back":[159],"track":[161,286],"toward":[162],"milestones":[163,290],"school":[167,353,401],"graduation":[168],"result":[171],"intervention.":[174],"Given":[175],"pace":[177,454],"which":[179,456],"science":[181],"is":[187,191,265],"advancing,":[188],"topic":[190],"need":[193],"new":[196],"resource":[197],"explaining":[198],"most":[200,253],"up-to-date":[201,509],"elements":[202],"involved":[203],"indicators.":[207,231,542,572],"Purpose/Focus":[208],"Study":[211],"This":[212,264],"article":[213,544],"will":[214,499],"describe":[215],"evolution":[217],"research,":[220],"use,":[221],"conditions":[223,398,486,533],"influence":[225,519],"review":[233,267],"literature":[236],"includes":[237],"description":[239],"each":[241],"yearbook":[244,506],"articles":[245],"how":[247,474,501,532],"they":[248],"summarize":[249],"recent":[254],"advancements":[255],"education.":[261,496],"Research":[262],"Design":[263],"literature.":[269],"Findings":[270],"As":[271,355],"education":[274],"improved,":[276],"show":[279],"reach":[288],"certain":[289,332,521],"child's":[303],"trajectory.":[304],"Allensworth":[305],"authors":[308],"(e.g.,":[309],"Balfanz":[310],"et":[311,314],"al.;":[312,315],"Faria":[313],"Soland)":[317],"evidence":[319],"impactful":[326],"used":[328],"by":[329],"ways.":[333],"Earlier":[334],"efforts":[335,356],"around":[336,412],"focused":[340],"identifying":[342],"measures":[343],"were":[345],"predictive":[346],"outcomes,":[349],"graduation.":[354],"practice":[361],"became":[362],"more":[363,463,508],"mature,":[364],"focus":[366],"expanded":[367,423],"information":[370,374,510],"through":[371],"systems":[375],"ensuring":[377],"had":[380],"capacity":[382],"opportunity":[384],"engage":[386],"guide":[391],"their":[392,431],"daily":[393],"practice,":[394],"schools,":[400],"districts,":[402],"states":[404],"supported":[405],"use.":[407,432],"More":[408],"recently,":[409],"methodological":[410],"advances":[411],"analytics":[414],"growing":[417],"interest":[418],"social\u2013emotional":[420],"learning":[421],"approach":[425],"scope":[427],"That":[433],"said,":[434],"research":[436,471,530],"nature":[439],"needs":[445],"documentation":[447],"keep":[449],"up":[450],"rapid":[453],"advancing":[460],"becoming":[462],"precise.":[464],"field":[466,552],"still":[467],"lacks":[468],"robust":[470],"base":[472],"improve":[480,564],"practices":[481],"policies,":[483],"what":[485,550],"support":[487],"development":[489,537,566],"Conclusions/Recommendations":[497],"We":[498],"explain":[500],"studies":[503],"this":[505],"related":[513],"approaches":[522],"well":[528,555],"interact":[534],"demonstrates":[545],"an":[546],"important":[547],"slice":[548],"knows,":[553],"challenges":[557],"opportunities":[559],"work":[562]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2020-11-23T00:00:00"}