{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3098412186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1524500420971700","title":"The Marketing Mix and Hygienic Barbershop Use: A Formative Study","display_name":"The Marketing Mix and Hygienic Barbershop Use: A Formative Study","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3098412186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1524500420971700","mag":"3098412186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1524500420971700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1524500420971700","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1524500420971700","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S182227784","display_name":"Social Marketing Quarterly","issn_l":"1524-5004","issn":["1524-5004","1539-4093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","cwts-core","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Marketing Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030862167","display_name":"Jean Claude Kwitonda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-1489","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-1489"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jean Claude Kwitonda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard University, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-1489","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030862167"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20930665,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"4","first_page":"361","last_page":"377"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.6133000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.6133000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10629","display_name":"Health Policy Implementation Science","score":0.09480000287294388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12041","display_name":"Public Health Policies and Education","score":0.04129999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barbershops","display_name":"barbershops","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-marketing","display_name":"social marketing","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing-mix","display_name":"marketing mix","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-motivation-behavioral-skills-model","display_name":"information-motivation-behavioral skills model","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-rural-differences","display_name":"urban-rural differences","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-injury-prevention","display_name":"skin damage prevention","score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-settings","display_name":"low-income settings","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-equation-modeling","display_name":"structural equation modeling","score":0.3840000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777754422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17081927","display_name":"Social marketing","level":2,"score":0.7856656312942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547646559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162297","display_name":"Hygiene","level":2,"score":0.6145957112312317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209955","display_name":"Formative assessment","level":2,"score":0.5763847827911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.4812431335449219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.46830570697784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.44948041439056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4130093455314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.2618247866630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.25875452160835266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1524500420971700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1524500420971700","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1524500420971700","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S182227784","display_name":"Social Marketing Quarterly","issn_l":"1524-5004","issn":["1524-5004","1539-4093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","cwts-core","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Marketing Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6240000128746033,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31894238","https://openalex.org/W1414867676","https://openalex.org/W1603307642","https://openalex.org/W1634618598","https://openalex.org/W1767272559","https://openalex.org/W1849190772","https://openalex.org/W1924470037","https://openalex.org/W1970116814","https://openalex.org/W1976288253","https://openalex.org/W1980737060","https://openalex.org/W1983786349","https://openalex.org/W1986977853","https://openalex.org/W1997101608","https://openalex.org/W2015447084","https://openalex.org/W2020935801","https://openalex.org/W2029747131","https://openalex.org/W2030132755","https://openalex.org/W2041447836","https://openalex.org/W2047317044","https://openalex.org/W2055444389","https://openalex.org/W2065568834","https://openalex.org/W2066630509","https://openalex.org/W2070499423","https://openalex.org/W2090214829","https://openalex.org/W2091228992","https://openalex.org/W2098419604","https://openalex.org/W2110215337","https://openalex.org/W2120037526","https://openalex.org/W2121771660","https://openalex.org/W2124563089","https://openalex.org/W2136199714","https://openalex.org/W2137155148","https://openalex.org/W2150320880","https://openalex.org/W2153435868","https://openalex.org/W2164824349","https://openalex.org/W2175831708","https://openalex.org/W2291053530","https://openalex.org/W2323132578","https://openalex.org/W2343671322","https://openalex.org/W2487408424","https://openalex.org/W2761752442","https://openalex.org/W2961589931","https://openalex.org/W3088608118","https://openalex.org/W4206711400","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298859389","https://openalex.org/W4301949777"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1879315250","https://openalex.org/W3091971554","https://openalex.org/W2264954634","https://openalex.org/W2762197081","https://openalex.org/W2057644267","https://openalex.org/W2287946902","https://openalex.org/W2617743678","https://openalex.org/W4229549797","https://openalex.org/W2371884334","https://openalex.org/W2026301310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Previous":[1],"public":[2],"health":[3],"research":[4,80,215,240,274,464],"has":[5],"demonstrated":[6],"that":[7,16,341,449],"barbershop":[8,342,350,412],"services":[9,31],"in":[10,68,151,158,261,269,277,308,380,388,443,459,478],"Sub-Saharan":[11],"Africa":[12],"involve":[13,41],"close-shaving":[14],"styles":[15],"may":[17,32],"irritate":[18],"the":[19,73,87,107,114,169,213,235,245,252,256,326,352,372,390,408,479],"skin":[20],"or":[21,377,432],"cause":[22],"injuries":[23],"particularly":[24],"among":[25],"clients":[26,343],"with":[27,184,349],"razor":[28],"bumps.":[29],"Barbershop":[30],"also":[33,406],"facilitate":[34],"client-to-client":[35],"transmission":[36],"of":[37,43,72,77,89,106,113,145,168,196,203,247,258,355,360,410,416,422,429],"pathogens":[38],"because":[39],"they":[40],"reuse":[42],"sharp":[44],"implements":[45],"(e.g.,":[46,51,358],"clippers)":[47],"and":[48,54,85,91,110,124,140,148,155,161,176,188,210,222,229,255,299,317,320,333,364,402,419,445],"other":[49],"tools":[50],"brushes,":[52],"towels":[53],"combs).":[55],"The":[56,75],"above":[57],"concerns":[58,150],"are":[59],"compounded":[60],"by":[61,98,103],"limited":[62],"access":[63],"to":[64,83,95,131,134,138,180,234,294,324,370,385,437,456,470,474],"adequate":[65],"sanitization":[66],"products":[67],"reasonably-priced":[69],"barbershops.":[70],"Focus":[71],"Article:":[74],"goal":[76],"this":[78,381],"formative":[79,263],"was":[81,217,275,426],"therefore":[82],"identify":[84,295,471],"assess":[86,165,325],"structure":[88],"hygiene":[90,123,139,147,160,187],"hair":[92,125],"care":[93,126],"beliefs":[94,136,173,185,298,332],"be":[96,181,394,454],"targeted":[97],"a":[99,285,450],"social":[100,248,266],"marketing":[101,108,249,267,391],"intervention":[102,468],"integrating":[104],"elements":[105],"mix":[109,392],"fundamental":[111],"assumptions":[112],"information-motivation-behavioral":[115],"skills":[116,157,191],"(IMB)":[117],"model.":[118,328],"Research":[119,376],"Questions:":[120],"To":[121,164,199],"elicit":[122],"beliefs,":[127],"respondents":[128,442],"were":[129,178,292],"asked":[130],"state":[132],"up":[133,301],"9":[135],"specific":[137,467],"safety":[141,149,162,189],"information,":[142],"perceived":[143],"consequences":[144],"raising":[146],"barbershops":[152],"(motivational":[153],"beliefs)":[154],"efficacy":[156],"practicing":[159],"behaviors.":[163],"structural":[166,321],"adequacy":[167],"proposed":[170,327],"IMB":[171,204,231,253,338],"model,":[172],"underlying":[174,186],"information":[175,401],"motivation":[177,404],"hypothesized":[179],"positively":[182],"associated":[183,348],"negotiation":[190],"as":[192,194],"well":[193],"frequency":[195],"close-shave":[197],"practices.":[198],"determine":[200],"whether":[201],"parameters":[202],"model":[205,452],"might":[206],"differ":[207],"across":[208,227,434],"rural":[209,228,446],"urban":[211,230,444],"settings,":[212,447],"following":[214],"question":[216],"considered:":[218],"do":[219],"individual":[220,435],"paths":[221,436],"mediating":[223],"mechanisms":[224],"operate":[225],"differently":[226],"models?":[232],"Importance":[233],"Social":[236],"Marketing":[237],"Field:":[238],"This":[239,273],"provides":[241],"empirical":[242],"evidence":[243,428],"for":[244,265,375],"integration":[246,260],"principles":[250],"within":[251],"framework":[254],"potential":[257],"such":[259],"developing":[262],"propositions":[264,476],"interventions":[268,458],"low-income":[270],"contexts.":[271],"Methods:":[272],"conducted":[276],"two":[278,306],"phases.":[279],"In":[280],"phase":[281],"one,":[282],"data":[283,312],"from":[284],"semi-structured":[286],"survey":[287,303,311],"(":[288,313],"N":[289,314],"=":[290,315],"65)":[291],"analyzed":[293],"modal":[296],"salient":[297],"set":[300],"subsequent":[302],"research.":[304],"Phase":[305],"consisted":[307],"collecting":[309],"cross-sectional":[310],"622)":[316],"using":[318],"exploratory":[319],"equation":[322],"modeling":[323],"Results:":[329],"Together,":[330],"identified":[331],"statically":[334],"significant":[335,439],"associations":[336],"between":[337,441],"variables":[339],"suggest":[340],"experience":[344],"ambivalence":[345],"toward":[346],"risks":[347],"use,":[351,413],"relative":[353],"benefits":[354,409],"alternative":[356],"behaviors":[357],"use":[359],"personal":[361],"shaving":[362],"kits)":[363],"what":[365],"it":[366],"would":[367],"cost":[368],"them":[369],"receive":[371],"benefits.":[373],"Recommendations":[374],"Practice:":[378],"Results":[379],"study":[382],"call":[383],"attention":[384,421],"various":[386],"ways":[387],"which":[389],"can":[393,453],"used\u2014to":[395],"not":[396],"only":[397],"provide":[398],"ecologically":[399],"relevant":[400],"increase":[403],"but":[405],"sell":[407],"hygienic":[411],"offset":[414],"prices":[415],"safer":[417],"practices":[418],"draw":[420],"policy":[423],"makers.":[424],"There":[425],"no":[427],"moderated":[430],"mediation":[431],"moderation":[433],"support":[438],"differences":[440],"suggesting":[448],"single-group":[451],"used":[455],"design":[457],"both":[460],"settings.":[461],"Limitations:":[462],"Future":[463],"should":[465],"pre-test":[466],"features":[469],"audience":[472],"reactions":[473],"preliminary":[475],"discussed":[477],"current":[480],"study.":[481]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-11-23T00:00:00"}
