{"id":"https://openalex.org/W309790171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004261594_012","title":"The (Mis)Use of International Humanitarian Law under Article 15(C) of the eu Qualification Directive","display_name":"The (Mis)Use of International Humanitarian Law under Article 15(C) of the eu Qualification Directive","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W309790171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004261594_012","mag":"309790171"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1163/9789004261594_012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004261594_012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004261594_012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462967","display_name":"Brill | Nijhoff eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320561","host_organization_name":"Brill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320561","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Brill","De Gruyter"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Refuge from Inhumanity? War Refugees and International Humanitarian Law","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2460476226","display_name":"Refuge from Inhumanity? War Refugees and International Humanitarian Law"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2500869","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108135272","display_name":"C\u00e9line Bauloz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9314-5756","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9314-5756"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269837","display_name":"Global Migration Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05bsj8991","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269837","https://openalex.org/I951315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I951315","display_name":"Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/007ygn379","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I951315"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C\u00e9line Bauloz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Migration Centre, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Migration Centre, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405269837","https://openalex.org/I951315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108135272"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405269837","https://openalex.org/I951315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.385,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95273619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"247","last_page":"269"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14255","display_name":"European Law and Migration","score":0.7860999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14255","display_name":"European Law and Migration","score":0.7860999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13948","display_name":"Gender and Women's Rights","score":0.16459999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14226","display_name":"Migration, Racism, and Human Rights","score":0.021400000900030136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsidiary-protection","display_name":"subsidiary protection","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-humanitarian-law","display_name":"international humanitarian law","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refugee-law","display_name":"refugee law","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-armed-conflict","display_name":"internal armed conflict","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refugee-status-determination","display_name":"refugee status determination","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asylum-law","display_name":"asylum law","score":0.492000013589859}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779547435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1121492","display_name":"Directive","level":2,"score":0.8172494173049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778573023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381148","display_name":"International humanitarian law","level":3,"score":0.7673949599266052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.6583983898162842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6017926335334778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173145845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131572","display_name":"Refugee","level":2,"score":0.5784281492233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777251787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3039753","display_name":"Refugee law","level":3,"score":0.5664462447166443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.546410083770752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5003910064697266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.48661717772483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.4639309048652649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1748354136943817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.14195865392684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1163/9789004261594_012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004261594_012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004261594_012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462967","display_name":"Brill | Nijhoff eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320561","host_organization_name":"Brill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320561","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Brill","De Gruyter"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Refuge from Inhumanity? War Refugees and International Humanitarian Law","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2500869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2500869","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2500869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.graduateinstitute.ch:294821","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/294821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402451","display_name":"Graduate Institute Geneva Institutional Repository (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I951315","host_organization_name":"Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I951315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/294821","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2500869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2500869","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2500869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7300000190734863}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964151674","https://openalex.org/W1969886438","https://openalex.org/W2122568929","https://openalex.org/W2131465868","https://openalex.org/W2161287968","https://openalex.org/W2399055813","https://openalex.org/W4249502303","https://openalex.org/W4255079696"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408459089","https://openalex.org/W1964105940","https://openalex.org/W2344260986","https://openalex.org/W2284981931","https://openalex.org/W2156085488","https://openalex.org/W1999017352","https://openalex.org/W4286517383","https://openalex.org/W2018828532","https://openalex.org/W7020762146","https://openalex.org/W4250382003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"European":[1,235],"Union":[2,236],"has":[3,70],"undoubtedly":[4],"innovated":[5],"in":[6,17,55,114,221,237],"establishing":[7],"an":[8,131],"international":[9,58,98,148,224],"protection":[10,144,193,215,225],"form":[11],"subsidiary":[12,143,192,214],"to":[13,25,31,44,198,207,216],"the":[14,66,80,84,95,103,110,120,137,156,161,165,188,200,211,217,229,234],"refugee":[15,77,149],"status":[16],"its":[18,238],"2004":[19],"Qualification":[20],"Directive,":[21],"granted,":[22],"inter":[23],"alia,":[24],"those":[26,220],"who":[27],"would":[28],"upon":[29],"return":[30],"their":[32],"country":[33],"face":[34],"a":[35,45],"real":[36],"risk":[37],"of":[38,52,57,97,105,116,134,140,160,164,169,191,203,213,219,223,231,233],"suffering":[39],"\u201cserious":[40],"and":[41,93,142,158,177],"individual":[42],"threat":[43],"civilian\u2019s":[46],"life":[47],"or":[48,59,119,179],"person":[49],"by":[50,83],"reason":[51,128],"indiscriminate":[53],"violence":[54],"situations":[56],"internal":[60,180],"armed":[61,181],"conflict\u201d":[62],"(Article":[63],"15(c)).":[64],"By":[65],"same":[67],"token,":[68],"it":[69],"however":[71],"created":[72],"great":[73],"normative":[74],"challenges":[75],"for":[76,102],"lawyers.":[78],"Among":[79],"issues":[81],"raised":[82],"provision":[85],"remains":[86],"one":[87,117,126],"still":[88],"dividing":[89],"national":[90],"asylum":[91],"instances":[92],"scholars:":[94],"role":[96],"humanitarian":[99],"law":[100],"(IHL)":[101],"purpose":[104,190],"interpreting":[106],"Article":[107,135],"15(c).":[108],"Against":[109],"manifold":[111],"arguments":[112],"presented":[113],"favour":[115],"position":[118],"other,":[121],"this":[122],"article":[123],"suggests":[124],"that":[125],"fundamental":[127],"militates":[129],"against":[130],"IHL":[132,141,162,208],"interpretation":[133],"15(c):":[136],"distinctive":[138],"functions":[139,202],"or,":[145],"more":[146],"broadly,":[147],"law.":[150],"This":[151],"becomes":[152],"apparent":[153],"when":[154],"analysing":[155],"potential":[157],"limits":[159],"definitions":[163,184],"three":[166],"key":[167],"terms":[168],"Articles":[170],"15(c)":[171],"\u2013":[172],"i.e.,":[173],"\u201cindiscriminate":[174],"violence\u201d,":[175],"\u201ccivilian\u201d":[176],"\u201cinternational":[178],"conflicts\u201d.":[182],"These":[183],"cannot":[185],"indeed":[186],"meet":[187],"protective":[189],"as":[194,226],"they":[195],"are":[196],"tailored":[197],"serve":[199],"specific":[201],"IHL.":[204],"Ultimately,":[205],"recourse":[206],"risks":[209],"restricting":[210],"scope":[212],"detriment":[218],"need":[222],"recently":[227],"confirmed":[228],"Court":[230],"Justice":[232],"2014":[239],"Diakit\u00e9":[240],"ruling.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-25T09:29:13.331239","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}