{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3097608674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eurosp48549.2020.00012","title":"VGRAPH: A Robust Vulnerable Code Clone Detection System Using Code Property Triplets","display_name":"VGRAPH: A Robust Vulnerable Code Clone Detection System Using Code Property Triplets","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3097608674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eurosp48549.2020.00012","mag":"3097608674"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/eurosp48549.2020.00012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eurosp48549.2020.00012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eurosp48549.2020.00012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418620","display_name":"IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Benjamin Bowman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Bowman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graph Computing Lab, George Washington University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graph Computing Lab, George Washington University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002254350","display_name":"H. Howie Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8588-7680","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8588-7680"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Howie Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graph Computing Lab, George Washington University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graph Computing Lab, George Washington University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5136,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94388139,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"53","last_page":"69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-vulnerabilities","display_name":"software vulnerabilities","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-reuse","display_name":"code reuse","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-representation","display_name":"graph representation","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-patching","display_name":"vulnerability patching","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-software","display_name":"open source software","score":0.6570000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7418924570083618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778583558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771245","display_name":"Code reuse","level":3,"score":0.6810468435287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.6577733159065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6072292327880859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151578736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1251793","display_name":"Redundant code","level":4,"score":0.5215344429016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5030562281608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47434764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1770035","display_name":"Dead code","level":5,"score":0.4897735118865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50951305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2482534","display_name":"Unreachable code","level":5,"score":0.4870005249977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22680326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444867","display_name":"Secure coding","level":5,"score":0.4665880501270294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.45549023151397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150292731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342704","display_name":"Code review","level":5,"score":0.45399200916290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121957198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14365593","display_name":"KPI-driven code analysis","level":5,"score":0.4494129419326782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.40785613656044006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.39521509408950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.35119980573654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32121145725250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.29153209924697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.25953763723373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.0755070149898529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/eurosp48549.2020.00012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eurosp48549.2020.00012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eurosp48549.2020.00012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418620","display_name":"IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3037500225","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N66001-18-C-4033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G602702742","display_name":"CAREER: Hardware Error Resilient Virtualization Infrastructure","funder_award_id":"1350766","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133470593","https://openalex.org/W1563577331","https://openalex.org/W1990762361","https://openalex.org/W1992114977","https://openalex.org/W2027887391","https://openalex.org/W2028820179","https://openalex.org/W2071088932","https://openalex.org/W2101512909","https://openalex.org/W2101832700","https://openalex.org/W2104301886","https://openalex.org/W2128782367","https://openalex.org/W2138756793","https://openalex.org/W2165004968","https://openalex.org/W2559935471","https://openalex.org/W2598566119","https://openalex.org/W2634106992","https://openalex.org/W2772848948","https://openalex.org/W2775630524","https://openalex.org/W2781491433","https://openalex.org/W2911985749","https://openalex.org/W4301168982"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281687507","https://openalex.org/W2772848948","https://openalex.org/W4414426310","https://openalex.org/W7167770628","https://openalex.org/W3129991213","https://openalex.org/W2634106992","https://openalex.org/W7082077454","https://openalex.org/W2789627069","https://openalex.org/W4411359760","https://openalex.org/W7160855656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"vulnerabilities":[1,106,251],"are":[2,101,113,154,214,246,257],"a":[3,32,36,43,70,119,131,182,199],"common":[4],"attack":[5],"vector":[6],"for":[7,133,208],"cyber":[8],"adversaries.":[9],"This":[10,30,68],"problem":[11,34,73],"has":[12,78],"been":[13],"exacerbated":[14],"by":[15],"the":[16,75,79,87,93,170,173,177,224,261],"wealth":[17],"of":[18,122,156,201,205,238],"open-source":[19],"software":[20,45,240],"projects,":[21],"as":[22,47,63,74],"code":[23,56,60,65,77,136,143,159,165,196,211],"is":[24,40,61,69,139,191],"often":[25],"copy-pasted":[26],"to":[27,81,118,142,149,193,216,235,248],"new":[28,37],"locations.":[29],"causes":[31],"serious":[33],"when":[35,107],"security":[38],"vulnerability":[39,123,151],"discovered":[41],"in":[42,58,260],"particular":[44],"project,":[46],"it":[48],"may":[49],"potentially":[50],"affect":[51],"many":[52],"others.":[53],"Discovering":[54],"vulnerable":[55,64,97,135,157,174,195,221],"reuse":[57],"source":[59,158],"known":[62],"clone":[66,98],"detection.":[67],"very":[71],"challenging":[72],"cloned":[76],"potential":[80],"be":[82],"modified,":[83],"sometimes":[84],"significantly,":[85],"from":[86,169],"original":[88],"code,":[89,172,175],"while":[90,145],"still":[91,146],"retaining":[92],"underlying":[94],"vulnerability.":[95],"Existing":[96],"detection":[99],"techniques":[100],"either":[102],"too":[103,114],"strict,":[104],"missing":[105],"they":[108],"have":[109],"subtle":[110],"modifications,":[111],"or":[112],"narrow,":[115],"applicable":[116],"only":[117],"small":[120],"number":[121],"types.":[124,152],"In":[125],"this":[126],"work":[127,228],"we":[128,213,231,245],"present":[129],"VGRAPH,":[130],"technique":[132,234],"identifying":[134],"clones,":[137,212],"which":[138,190,252],"more":[140,220],"robust":[141],"modification,":[144],"remaining":[147],"generic":[148],"all":[150],"VGRAPHs":[153],"representations":[155],"comprising":[160],"three":[161,187],"graph-based":[162,188],"components":[163,189],"representing":[164],"property":[166],"relationships":[167],"extracted":[168],"contextual":[171],"and":[176,203,256],"patched":[178,255],"code.":[179],"We":[180],"develop":[181],"matching":[183],"algorithm":[184],"utilizing":[185],"these":[186],"able":[192,215,247],"identify":[194,217,249],"clones":[197,222],"with":[198],"precision":[200],"98%":[202],"recall":[204],"97%.":[206],"Even":[207],"highly":[209],"modified":[210],"over":[218],"100":[219],"than":[223],"best":[225],"performing":[226],"comparison":[227],"ReDeBug.":[229],"When":[230],"apply":[232],"our":[233],"several":[236],"versions":[237],"popular":[239],"packages":[241],"(e.g.,":[242],"FFMpeg,":[243],"OpenSSL),":[244],"10":[250],"were":[253],"silently":[254],"not":[258],"listed":[259],"National":[262],"Vulnerability":[263],"Database.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2020-11-09T00:00:00"}