{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3096016907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118970843.ch110","title":"Optimism/Pessimism, Assessment of","display_name":"Optimism/Pessimism, Assessment of","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3096016907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118970843.ch110","mag":"3096016907"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781118970843.ch110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118970843.ch110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118970843.ch110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306532787","display_name":"The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences","raw_type":"other"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4242466499","display_name":"The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences"},"type":"reference-entry","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021733479","display_name":"Scott P. King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3628-8854","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3628-8854"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200033832","display_name":"Shenandoah University","ror":"https://ror.org/05w0p9h92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200033832"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott P. King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenandoah University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenandoah University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200033832"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015265152","display_name":"Jacob Belkin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200033832","display_name":"Shenandoah University","ror":"https://ror.org/05w0p9h92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200033832"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Belkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenandoah University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenandoah University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200033832"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200033832"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"231","last_page":"235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12485","display_name":"Optimism, Hope, and Well-being","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12485","display_name":"Optimism, Hope, and Well-being","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimism","display_name":"optimism","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pessimism","display_name":"pessimism","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-orientation-test","display_name":"Life Orientation Test","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attributional-style-questionnaire","display_name":"Attributional Style Questionnaire","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defensive-pessimism","display_name":"defensive pessimism","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimism-bias","display_name":"optimism bias","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-optimism","display_name":"comparative optimism","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-assessment-instruments","display_name":"personality assessment instruments","score":0.6060000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204017024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485446","display_name":"Optimism","level":2,"score":0.964402973651886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9992130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484954","display_name":"Pessimism","level":2,"score":0.9232149124145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7179944515228271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.45335498452186584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.38851428031921387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3836803436279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781118970843.ch110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118970843.ch110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118970843.ch110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306532787","display_name":"The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences","raw_type":"other"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W588261962","https://openalex.org/W1947668422","https://openalex.org/W1996580784","https://openalex.org/W2008489203","https://openalex.org/W2044550796","https://openalex.org/W2059590502","https://openalex.org/W2061941203","https://openalex.org/W2079042994","https://openalex.org/W2080907915","https://openalex.org/W2086919277","https://openalex.org/W2089792311","https://openalex.org/W2170246810","https://openalex.org/W2482248788"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214768790","https://openalex.org/W2077107210","https://openalex.org/W1638215839","https://openalex.org/W2037411940","https://openalex.org/W2039644283","https://openalex.org/W7166731342","https://openalex.org/W1990524296","https://openalex.org/W2755746151","https://openalex.org/W107980621","https://openalex.org/W2085598592"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optimism,":[0],"one's":[1],"tendency":[2],"to":[3],"expect":[4],"positive":[5],"outcomes,":[6],"and":[7,23,60,70,79,85,106],"its":[8],"related":[9],"(yet":[10],"debated)":[11],"converse,":[12],"pessimism,":[13],"have":[14],"been":[15],"assessed":[16],"via":[17],"numerous":[18],"instruments":[19],"reflecting":[20],"researchers\u2019":[21],"theoretical":[22],"contextual":[24],"backgrounds.":[25],"This":[26],"entry":[27],"includes":[28],"descriptions":[29],"of":[30,76],"commonly":[31],"used":[32],"reliable":[33],"unidimensional":[34],"global":[35,57],"assessments":[36,58,87],"(Life":[37],"Orientation":[38,66],"Test":[39,67],"(LOT":[40],"&":[41,47,54],"LOT-R),":[42],"Attributional":[43],"Style":[44],"Questionnaire":[45,73,95,99],"(ASQ":[46],"EASQ),":[48],"Optimism-Pessimism":[49],"Scale":[50,62,104,110],"for":[51],"MMPI":[52],"(PSM":[53],"PSM-R)),":[55],"multidimensional":[56],"(Optimism":[59],"Pessimism":[61,93,98],"(OPS),":[63],"Extended":[64],"Life":[65],"(ELOT),":[68],"Positive":[69],"Negative":[71],"Expectancy":[72],"(PANEQ),":[74],"Assessment":[75],"Personal":[77],"Optimism":[78,91,103,109],"Social":[80],"Optimism-Extended":[81],"(POSO-E),":[82],"Optimism-Pessimism-2":[83],"(SOP2)),":[84],"domain-specific":[86],"(unrealistic/comparative":[88],"optimism":[89],"measures,":[90],"\u2013":[92],"Prescreening":[94],"(OPPQ),":[96],"Defensive":[97],"(DPQ),":[100],"HIV":[101],"Treatment":[102],"(HIV-TOS),":[105],"Cancer":[107],"Patient":[108],"(CPOS)).":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2020-11-09T00:00:00"}