{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095689604","doi":null,"title":"Thermal Management of Microscale Electronic Equipment Using Pulsating Heat Pipes","display_name":"Thermal Management of Microscale Electronic Equipment Using Pulsating Heat Pipes","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095689604","mag":"3095689604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:researchspace.auckland.ac.nz:2292/53305","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2292/53305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055463","display_name":"ResearchSpace (University of Auckland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","host_organization_name":"University of Auckland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2292/53305","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087481360","display_name":"Pawan Singh Kathait","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2421-0710","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2421-0710"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pawan Singh Kathait","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2421-0710","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087481360"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10850","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Boiling Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10850","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Boiling Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11382","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oscillating-heat-pipe","display_name":"pulsating heat pipe","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-cooling","display_name":"electronics cooling","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-management","display_name":"thermal management","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quasi-steady-state","display_name":"quasi-steady state","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filling-factor","display_name":"filling factor","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-load","display_name":"heat load","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-as-working-fluid","display_name":"water working fluid","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper-tubes","display_name":"copper tubes","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-transfer-coefficient","display_name":"heat transfer coefficient","score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-dissipation","display_name":"heat dissipation","score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-rig-design","display_name":"test rig design","score":0.45899999141693115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179428855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069216","display_name":"Microscale chemistry","level":2,"score":0.9460639953613281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114834414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15477170","display_name":"Thermal management of electronic devices and systems","level":2,"score":0.7396425008773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.5149837136268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37728375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600568","display_name":"Heat pipe","level":3,"score":0.42996153235435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4144030511379242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3680265545845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3476811647415161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3343251347541809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.320878267288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50517652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat transfer","level":2,"score":0.29898762702941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2858020067214966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.23009580373764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18707060813903809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0685560405254364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:researchspace.auckland.ac.nz:2292/53305","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2292/53305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055463","display_name":"ResearchSpace (University of Auckland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","host_organization_name":"University of Auckland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:3095689604","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle/2292/53305","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:researchspace.auckland.ac.nz:2292/53305","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2292/53305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055463","display_name":"ResearchSpace (University of Auckland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","host_organization_name":"University of Auckland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6981037338","https://openalex.org/W2285943402","https://openalex.org/W2364642296","https://openalex.org/W3014179407","https://openalex.org/W2154485650","https://openalex.org/W4389547521","https://openalex.org/W2806836313","https://openalex.org/W7098083337","https://openalex.org/W7006371629","https://openalex.org/W2061759714"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Last":[0],"two":[1,203,413],"decades":[2],"witnessed":[3],"a":[4,60,146,173,215,227,252,255,259,278,310,320,330,332,341,396,401,435,441,487,494,501,512,528,580,584,597,606,651,684,692,724,754,766,786,807,943],"massive":[5],"growth":[6],"in":[7,58,78,116,130,150,612,691,877,912],"the":[8,34,69,76,91,103,114,160,185,196,201,223,274,285,290,294,307,326,362,412,423,429,432,449,455,490,505,537,558,561,625,628,671,675,703,706,712,715,730,749,781,821,825,839,856,869,873,880,925,928,953,981,985,1018],"electronics":[9],"industry.":[10],"Electronic":[11],"equipment":[12,64,296,643],"such":[13,137],"as":[14,189,247,271,273,319,361,405,480,498],"mobile":[15],"phones":[16],"and":[17,68,81,167,198,208,222,350,355,376,378,387,400,471,546,619,668,698,803,889],"computers":[18],"are":[19,125,304,316,571,686,695],"now":[20],"an":[21,47,107,190,348,771],"integral":[22],"part":[23],"of":[24,30,62,71,106,187,200,293,309,314,329,391,415,422,431,452,454,539,560,587,600,627,635,674,683,708,714,732,751,780,788,824,841,858,872,918,931,1020],"our":[25],"daily":[26],"life.":[27],"The":[28,83,210,549,678,777,834,938,987],"ease":[29],"use":[31,119],"has":[32,170,646],"driven":[33],"electronic":[35,43,55,63,108,151,176,191,275,295,321,518,535,568],"industry":[36],"to":[37,112,156,162,183,239,246,409,419,448,482,500,525,556,723,793,800,815,867,949,979,995,1001,1016],"develop":[38],"more":[39,479],"powerful":[40,52],"yet":[41,53,745],"smaller":[42],"products.":[44],"There":[45,124],"is":[46,110,145,478,508,605,721,743,844,1013],"ongoing":[48],"quest":[49],"for":[50,317,368,467,511,517,534,903,927,965,1004],"developing":[51],"miniaturise":[54],"equipment.":[56],"While":[57],"use,":[59],"piece":[61],"generates":[65],"excess":[66,84],"heat,":[67],"amount":[70],"heat":[72,85,141,165,219,230,281,336,379,424,469,601,636,657,696,761],"generation":[73],"increases":[74],"with":[75,347,615,806],"increase":[77,830],"products":[79],"performance":[80,186,541,559,713,738,779],"miniaturisation.":[82],"if":[86],"not":[87,509,744],"checked,":[88],"can":[89,98,631,669],"render":[90],"device":[92,109,115,276,287,515,653],"useless":[93],"(untimely":[94],"system":[95],"crash)":[96],"or":[97,610,644],"decrease":[99],"its":[100,117,157,241,269,298,647],"reliability.":[101],"Therefore,":[102,504],"thermal":[104,127,264,529,540,778,822,915,932],"management":[105,128,265],"necessary":[111],"keep":[113,289],"optimal":[118,881,988],"state":[120],"without":[121],"any":[122],"failure.":[123],"many":[126],"techniques":[129],"use;":[131],"this":[132,878],"thesis":[133],"focuses":[134],"on":[135,532,705,711,831],"one":[136,225],"technology":[138,149],"called":[139],"pulsating":[140,218,229,335,760],"pipes":[142],"(PHP).":[143],"PHP":[144,188,235,256,318,433,491,513,551,562,685,693,716,737,826],"relatively":[147],"new":[148],"cooling":[152,177,192,286,322,648,676],"space;":[153],"however,":[154,312,650,702,850],"due":[155],"straightforward":[158],"design,":[159],"ability":[161],"handle":[163],"high":[164,607,852,914,971,974],"fluxes":[166,637],"simple":[168],"manufacturing":[169],"made":[171],"it":[172],"very":[174,913],"promising":[175],"technology.":[178],"This":[179],"research":[180],"project":[181],"aims":[182,197],"analyse":[184],"device.":[193,323,677],"For":[194,324,578,747,875],"achieving":[195],"objectives":[199],"study,":[202,879],"test":[204,212],"rigs":[205],"were":[206,366,394,417,893,901,963],"designed":[207,555],"fabricated.":[209],"first":[211],"rig":[213],"was":[214,226,338,359,438,446,521,554,763,783,864,887,947,977,994,999],"single":[216,333,652],"loop":[217,759],"pipe":[220,231,337],"(SLPHP),":[221],"other":[224],"multi-loop":[228,550],"(four":[232],"loops).":[233],"A":[234,1007],"takes":[236],"some":[237],"time":[238,477],"reach":[240],"operation":[242,270,672,694],"state,":[243,254],"often":[244],"referred":[245],"quasi-steady":[248,253],"state.":[249],"Before":[250],"reaching":[251],"goes":[257],"through":[258],"start-up":[260,327,392,399,437,476,507,544,547],"process.":[261],"An":[262],"efficient":[263],"technique":[266],"must":[267,288,542],"initiate":[268],"soon":[272],"reaches":[277],"certain":[279],"peak":[280],"flux":[282],"level.":[283],"Also,":[284],"operating":[291,496,594],"temperature":[292,497,545],"below":[297],"maximum":[299],"permissible":[300],"temperature.":[301],"Though":[302],"there":[303,570],"studies":[305,679,704],"regarding":[306],"startup":[308],"PHP,":[311,331],"none":[313],"them":[315],"understanding":[325],"process":[328],"looped":[334],"fabricated":[339,764],"from":[340,765,952],"670":[342],"mm":[343,354],"long":[344],"copper":[345,767],"tube":[346,768],"internal":[349,772],"external":[351],"diameter":[352,773],"3.25":[353],"4.75mm":[356],"respectively.":[357],"Water":[358],"used":[360],"working":[363,654],"fluid;":[364],"experiments":[365],"conducted":[367],"different":[369,593,598,633,639,656,718,740,935,951],"filling":[370,443,460,472,699,719,741,789,882,936,967,972,989],"ratios":[371,790],"(50":[372],"%,":[373],"60%,":[374],"70%,":[375],"80%)":[377],"loads":[380],"(20":[381],"W,":[382,384],"33":[383],"55":[385],"W":[386,799,814],"76W).":[388],"Two":[389,688],"types":[390,414],"behaviour":[393],"observed,":[395],"gradual":[397,502],"(soft)":[398],"sudden":[402,436,475,488,506],"(hard)":[403],"start-up,":[404,489],"reported":[406],"previously.":[407],"Contrary":[408],"previous":[410],"claims,":[411],"start-ups":[416],"found":[418,866,948,978],"be":[420,950,996],"independent":[421],"load.":[425],"Experiments":[426],"revealed":[427,837,924],"that":[428,466,769,820,838],"probability":[430],"undergoing":[434],"higher":[439,442,450,459,495],"at":[440,458,493,592,638,717,739,846,851,906,934,970],"ratio,":[444,473],"which":[445,663,910,998],"attributed":[447],"level":[451,599],"flooding":[453],"evaporator":[456],"section":[457],"ratios.":[461,937],"Experimental":[462],"results":[463],"also":[464,522,836,865,1014],"show":[465,819],"similar":[468],"load":[470,658],"during":[474,884,896,921,942,956,991],"compared":[481,499],"smooth":[483],"start-up.":[484,503],"Besides,":[485],"after":[486],"works":[492],"desirable":[510],"based":[514],"employed":[516],"cooling.":[519,623],"It":[520],"shown":[523],"that,":[524],"suitably":[526],"design":[527],"solution":[530],"(based":[531],"PHP)":[533],"cooling,":[536,569],"calculation":[538],"include":[543],"time.":[548],"experimental":[552],"setup":[553],"evaluate":[557],"under":[563,655,827],"non-uniform":[564,574,681,709,734,752,828,842,859,897,922,944,1005,1009,1021],"heating":[565,575,682,710,735,829,843,860,863,886,908,923,945,975,993,1010],"conditions.":[566],"In":[567],"situations":[572],"where":[573],"could":[576,659,664],"occur.":[577],"example,":[579,876],"data":[581],"centre":[582],"houses":[583],"large":[585],"number":[586],"processing":[588],"units":[589],"each":[590,642],"running":[591],"load,":[595],"generating":[596],"fluxes.":[602],"Another":[603],"example":[604],"performing":[608],"laptop":[609],"desktop":[611],"which,":[613],"along":[614],"CPU,":[616],"graphic":[617],"card,":[618],"RAM":[620],"might":[621],"require":[622],"Furthermore,":[624,729],"surface":[626],"microprocessor":[629],"itself":[630],"have":[632],"levels":[634],"locations.":[640],"Though,":[641],"unit":[645],"device;":[649],"save":[660],"much":[661],"space":[662],"allow":[665],"further":[666],"miniaturisation":[667],"reduce":[670],"cost":[673],"about":[680],"scarce.":[687],"critical":[689],"parameters":[690],"input":[697,797],"ratio":[700,720,742,883,968,973,990],"(FR),":[701],"effect":[707,750,1019],"limited":[722],"narrow":[725],"range":[726,787],"(50%":[727],"-70%).":[728],"mechanism":[731],"how":[733],"affect":[736,868],"clear.":[746],"studying":[748],"heating,":[753,898],"four-loop":[755],"water-based":[756],"CLPHP":[757,782],"(closed":[758],"pipe)":[762],"had":[770],"(ID)":[774],"=":[775],"3.25mm.":[776],"measured":[784],"over":[785],"(FR,":[791],"20%":[792,905],"80%),":[794],"total":[795],"power":[796,808],"(80":[798],"360":[801],"W),":[802],"two-stage":[804],"non-uniformity":[805],"difference":[809],"(\u0394Q\u0307=Q\u0307\u2081\u2212":[810],"Q\u0307\u2082":[811],",":[812],"40":[813],"140":[816],"W).":[817],"Results":[818],"resistance":[823],"increasing":[832],"\u0394Q\u0307.":[833],"study":[835],"impact":[840],"significant":[845],"low":[847,966],"FR":[848,853,904,1002],"(<20%);":[849],"(>":[854],"50%),":[855],"influence":[857],"diminishes.":[861],"Non-uniform":[862],"operational":[870],"ceiling":[871],"PHP.":[874,986],"uniform":[885,957,992],"20%,":[888,997],"no":[890],"dry":[891,899],"outs":[892,900],"observed.":[894],"However,":[895],"recorded":[902],"various":[907],"levels,":[909],"resulted":[911],"resistance.":[916],"Investigation":[917],"flow":[919,939,954,961,982],"patterns":[920,962],"reason":[926],"unusual":[929],"trend":[930],"resistances":[933],"pattern":[940,983],"evolution":[941],"condition":[946],"transitions":[955],"heating.":[958,1006,1022],"Independent":[959],"localised":[960],"observed":[964],"whereas":[969],"side":[976],"govern":[980],"across":[984],"changed":[1000],"60%":[1003],"dimensionless":[1008],"coefficient":[1011],"(\u03b4)":[1012],"proposed":[1015],"quantify":[1017]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-11T09:22:31.653822","created_date":"2020-11-09T00:00:00"}