{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093488560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa193","title":"Using Benford\u2019s law to assess the quality of COVID-19 register data in Brazil","display_name":"Using Benford\u2019s law to assess the quality of COVID-19 register data in Brazil","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093488560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa193","mag":"3093488560","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33097928","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7665668"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa193","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article-pdf/43/1/107/37029908/fdaa193.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27214173","display_name":"Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0943-1853","issn":["0943-1853","1613-2238","1741-3842","1741-3850","2198-1833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article-pdf/43/1/107/37029908/fdaa193.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009826207","display_name":"Lucas Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5013-6278","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5013-6278"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125286","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade de Alagoas","ror":"https://ror.org/03ag59v15","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125286"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Estadual de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade do Estado de Alagoas, Macei\u00f3, Alagoas 57010-300, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Estadual de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade do Estado de Alagoas, Macei\u00f3, Alagoas 57010-300, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125286"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089618361","display_name":"Dalson Britto Figueiredo Filho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-2262","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-2262"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25112270","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/047908t24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dalson Figueiredo Filho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009826207"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125286"],"apc_list":{"value":2160,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3260},"apc_paid":{"value":2160,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3260},"fwci":5.4273,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.971387,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"1","first_page":"107","last_page":"110"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13720","display_name":"Benford\u2019s Law and Fraud Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13720","display_name":"Benford\u2019s Law and Fraud Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benford-s-law","display_name":"Benford's law","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-quality","display_name":"data quality","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-reliability","display_name":"data reliability","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-surveillance","display_name":"disease surveillance","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brazil","display_name":"Brazil","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-case-counts","display_name":"COVID-19 case counts","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-mortality","display_name":"COVID-19 mortality","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-distortion","display_name":"data distortion","score":0.31299999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152636012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817168","display_name":"Benford's law","level":2,"score":0.9687913656234741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6397156119346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5577055811882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132480984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2034239","display_name":"Goodness of fit","level":2,"score":0.5415523052215576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5350464582443237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5090827345848083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.5044804811477661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.4939783215522766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.4881218373775482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.4516744017601013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779235478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286576","display_name":"Register (sociolinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42946887016296387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.40189892053604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28759700059890747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2400609254837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1779709756374359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.10569289326667786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001938","descriptor_name":"Brazil","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011159","descriptor_name":"Population Surveillance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012042","descriptor_name":"Registries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016009","descriptor_name":"Chi-Square Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066264","descriptor_name":"Datasets as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa193","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article-pdf/43/1/107/37029908/fdaa193.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27214173","display_name":"Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0943-1853","issn":["0943-1853","1613-2238","1741-3842","1741-3850","2198-1833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33097928","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33097928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of public health (Oxford, England)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7665668","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7665668/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Public Health (Oxf)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.17605/osf.io/74xjc","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/74xjc","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:E0205-264-4CD","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://api.osf.io/v2/nodes/74xjc/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"project"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa193","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article-pdf/43/1/107/37029908/fdaa193.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27214173","display_name":"Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0943-1853","issn":["0943-1853","1613-2238","1741-3842","1741-3850","2198-1833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093488560.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093488560.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148212618","https://openalex.org/W3044657540","https://openalex.org/W3210032518","https://openalex.org/W3212553267","https://openalex.org/W4399550963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6962770977","https://openalex.org/W4387035795","https://openalex.org/W6922781004","https://openalex.org/W4312065619","https://openalex.org/W4200621508","https://openalex.org/W7111969204","https://openalex.org/W4392885481","https://openalex.org/W4293170765","https://openalex.org/W3163730577","https://openalex.org/W4304123909"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,40],"employ":[1],"Newcomb-Benford":[2],"law":[3],"(NBL)":[4],"to":[5,20,50,59,103],"evaluate":[6],"the":[7,51,83,97,108,112],"reliability":[8],"of":[9,34,62],"COVID-19":[10,113],"figures":[11],"in":[12,80],"Brazil.":[13],"Using":[14],"official":[15],"data":[16,72,106],"from":[17],"February":[18],"25":[19],"September":[21],"15,":[22],"we":[23,94],"apply":[24],"a":[25,30],"first":[26],"digit":[27],"test":[28],"for":[29,86],"national":[31],"aggregate":[32],"dataset":[33],"total":[35],"cases":[36],"and":[37,68,71,77,91],"cumulative":[38],"deaths.":[39],"find":[41],"strong":[42],"evidence":[43],"that":[44,96],"Brazilian":[45,98],"reports":[46],"do":[47],"not":[48],"conform":[49],"NBL":[52,109],"theoretical":[53],"expectations.":[54],"These":[55],"results":[56],"are":[57],"robust":[58],"different":[60],"goodness":[61],"fit":[63],"(chi-square,":[64],"mean":[65],"absolute":[66],"deviation":[67],"distortion":[69],"factor)":[70],"sources":[73],"(John":[74],"Hopkins":[75],"University":[76],"Our":[78],"World":[79],"Data).":[81],"Despite":[82],"growing":[84],"appreciation":[85],"evidence-based-policymaking,":[87],"which":[88],"requires":[89],"valid":[90],"reliable":[92],"data,":[93],"show":[95],"epidemiological":[99],"surveillance":[100],"system":[101],"fails":[102],"provide":[104],"trustful":[105],"under":[107],"assumption":[110],"on":[111],"epidemic.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2020-10-29T00:00:00"}
