{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093379409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12902","title":"Digital Trade Rules in Preferential Trade Agreements: Is There a WTO Impact?","display_name":"Digital Trade Rules in Preferential Trade Agreements: Is There a WTO Impact?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093379409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12902","mag":"3093379409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17594912","display_name":"Global Policy","issn_l":"1758-5880","issn":["1758-5880","1758-5899"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://boris.unibe.ch/147029/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043877096","display_name":"Manfred Elsig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6950-108X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6950-108X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manfred Elsig","raw_affiliation_strings":["World Trade Institute, University of Bern"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6950-108X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Trade Institute, University of Bern","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045728930","display_name":"Sebastian Klotz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-9110","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-9110"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Klotz","raw_affiliation_strings":["World Trade Institute, University of Bern"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-9110","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Trade Institute, University of Bern","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045728930"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"],"apc_list":{"value":3100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3100},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.0128,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99070826,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"S4","first_page":"25","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12156","display_name":"World Trade Organization Law","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12156","display_name":"World Trade Organization Law","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13352","display_name":"International Relations in Latin America","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-trade","display_name":"digital trade","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preferential-trade-agreements","display_name":"preferential trade agreements","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-trade-organization","display_name":"World Trade Organization","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-technology-agreement","display_name":"Information Technology Agreement","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regime-complexity","display_name":"regime complexity","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateral-trade-negotiations","display_name":"multilateral trade negotiations","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-trade-agreements","display_name":"regional trade agreements","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-commerce","display_name":"e-commerce","score":0.515999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.7881184816360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.7718288898468018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.7549664974212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993305921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8036315","display_name":"World trade","level":2,"score":0.6367987394332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5399792790412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.5371542572975159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4830368459224701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994171286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462668","display_name":"Regional trade","level":3,"score":0.47432941198349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182769425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302","display_name":"Trade barrier","level":2,"score":0.42377355694770813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3753873407840729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35532855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200435","display_name":"Free trade","level":2,"score":0.3045288324356079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2062375843524933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.07106101512908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17594912","display_name":"Global Policy","issn_l":"1758-5880","issn":["1758-5880","1758-5899"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.7892/boris.147029","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://boris-portal.unibe.ch/handle/20.500.12422/55427","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boris.unibe.ch:147029","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://boris.unibe.ch/147029/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401086","display_name":"Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","host_organization_name":"University of Bern","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Elsig, Manfred; Klotz, Sebastian (October 2020). Digital trade rules in preferential trade agreements: Is there a WTO impact? (WTI Working Paper 04/2020). Bern: World Trade Institute","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper"},{"id":"doi:10.7892/boris.147029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.147029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.147029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053152","display_name":"Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:boris.unibe.ch:147029","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://boris.unibe.ch/147029/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401086","display_name":"Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","host_organization_name":"University of Bern","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Elsig, Manfred; Klotz, Sebastian (October 2020). Digital trade rules in preferential trade agreements: Is there a WTO impact? (WTI Working Paper 04/2020). Bern: World Trade Institute","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W560742804","https://openalex.org/W1494281938","https://openalex.org/W1967096027","https://openalex.org/W1977534724","https://openalex.org/W2016637361","https://openalex.org/W2085567903","https://openalex.org/W2098005209","https://openalex.org/W2133400069","https://openalex.org/W2151545472","https://openalex.org/W2157963010","https://openalex.org/W2165819037","https://openalex.org/W2336835784","https://openalex.org/W2418162952","https://openalex.org/W2470853660","https://openalex.org/W2586453814","https://openalex.org/W2586812544","https://openalex.org/W2684896046","https://openalex.org/W2748002237","https://openalex.org/W2783813747","https://openalex.org/W2801862161","https://openalex.org/W2804028532","https://openalex.org/W2804474924","https://openalex.org/W2809922482","https://openalex.org/W2887859853","https://openalex.org/W2895276353","https://openalex.org/W2913992401","https://openalex.org/W2955736770","https://openalex.org/W2970350243","https://openalex.org/W2972269276","https://openalex.org/W3003878649","https://openalex.org/W3017240481","https://openalex.org/W3123060811","https://openalex.org/W3125336110","https://openalex.org/W3126133134","https://openalex.org/W3132802948"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409713924","https://openalex.org/W4379647922","https://openalex.org/W2256690550","https://openalex.org/W3216629021","https://openalex.org/W2299009727","https://openalex.org/W4387934641","https://openalex.org/W4414376187","https://openalex.org/W4290188949","https://openalex.org/W4407752624","https://openalex.org/W2345042813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"For":[1],"a":[2,48],"long":[3],"time,":[4],"the":[5,14,43,62,98,103,118,121,150,166,180,189],"World":[6],"Trade":[7],"Organization":[8],"(WTO)":[9],"has":[10],"been":[11],"seen":[12],"as":[13],"privileged":[15],"multilateral":[16,190],"regime":[17,183],"to":[18,37,102,131,160,162,176,194],"regulate":[19],"trade.":[20,170],"However,":[21],"given":[22],"its":[23],"slow":[24],"progress":[25],"in":[26,61,68,71,81,93,117,138,149,165,188],"negotiating":[27],"new":[28],"trade":[29,39,137,198],"rules,":[30],"countries":[31,113,146],"have":[32],"increasingly":[33,51],"shifted":[34],"their":[35,66,106,139],"focus":[36],"preferential":[38],"agreements":[40],"(PTAs)":[41],"since":[42,86],"early":[44],"2000s.":[45],"Focusing":[46],"on":[47,65,77,125,135],"timely":[49],"and":[50,185,196],"important":[52],"topic":[53],"(digital":[54],"trade),":[55],"we":[56,88,110],"explore":[57],"how":[58,186],"countries\u2019":[59,91],"interactions":[60],"WTO":[63,99,122],"impact":[64],"approaches":[67],"designing":[69],"rules":[70],"PTAs.":[72,107,140],"Using":[73],"newly":[74],"collected":[75],"data":[76],"digital":[78,94,136,169],"trade\u2010related":[79,95],"provisions":[80],"almost":[82],"350":[83],"PTAs":[84],"signed":[85],"2000,":[87],"find":[89],"that":[90,112,145],"participation":[92],"initiatives":[96],"at":[97],"spill":[100],"over":[101,193],"design":[104],"of":[105,120,168,179,182],"More":[108,171],"precisely,":[109],"show":[111],"which":[114,147],"actively":[115],"participate":[116,148],"discussions":[119],"Work":[123],"Programme":[124],"Electronic":[126],"Commerce":[127],"are":[128,157],"more":[129,158],"likely":[130,159],"negotiate":[132],"ambitious":[133],"commitments":[134],"Furthermore,":[141],"our":[142,177],"analysis":[143],"indicates":[144],"WTO\u2010based":[151],"plurilateral":[152],"Information":[153],"Technology":[154],"Agreement":[155],"(ITA)":[156],"commit":[161],"deeper":[163],"cooperation":[164],"area":[167],"broadly,":[172],"this":[173],"article":[174],"contributes":[175],"understanding":[178],"dynamics":[181],"complexity":[184],"interaction":[187],"system":[191],"spills":[192],"regional":[195],"bilateral":[197],"regimes.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2020-10-22T00:00:00"}