{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093140366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049","title":"Arthropod Intelligence? The Case for Portia","display_name":"Arthropod Intelligence? The Case for Portia","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093140366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049","mag":"3093140366","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33154726","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7591756"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055625972","display_name":"Fiona R. Cross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8266-4270","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8266-4270"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168685008","display_name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qegss47","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168685008"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["KE","NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fiona R. Cross","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Mbita Point, Kenya","School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Mbita Point, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168685008"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018757951","display_name":"Georgina E. Carvell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgina E. Carvell","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087847923","display_name":"Robert R. Jackson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4638-847X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4638-847X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168685008","display_name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qegss47","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168685008"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["KE","NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert R. Jackson","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Mbita Point, Kenya","School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Mbita Point, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168685008"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083098852","display_name":"Randolph C. Grace","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1115-6089","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1115-6089"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Randolph C. Grace","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055625972"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168685008","https://openalex.org/I185492890"],"apc_list":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"apc_paid":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"fwci":0.5646,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53580455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"568049","last_page":"568049"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.4431000053882599,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.4431000053882599,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12447","display_name":"Spider Taxonomy and Behavior Studies","score":0.21629999577999115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.05180000141263008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portia","display_name":"Portia","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-cognition","display_name":"animal cognition","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexible-problem-solving","display_name":"flexible problem solving","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-representations","display_name":"internal representations","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectancy-violation","display_name":"expectancy violation","score":0.9710000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776134702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1360","display_name":"Arthropod","level":2,"score":0.8064276576042175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6946401596069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.37941184639930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.17223358154296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11087360978126526}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7591756","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7591756","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Psychol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:33154726","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33154726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7f14daf9c22b4c1eb9f6aaa002ca40f2","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7f14daf9c22b4c1eb9f6aaa002ca40f2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology, Vol 11 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568049/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1491108178","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"02/05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320774","funder_display_name":"Royal Society Te Ap\u0101rangi"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2992638918","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UOC0507","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320774","funder_display_name":"Royal Society Te Ap\u0101rangi"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3970628134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#WW-146R-17","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309024","funder_display_name":"National Geographic Society"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3976005725","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UOC1301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320774","funder_display_name":"Royal Society Te Ap\u0101rangi"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4548087809","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WW-146R-17","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320774","funder_display_name":"Royal Society Te Ap\u0101rangi"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5145174440","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UOC305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320774","funder_display_name":"Royal Society Te Ap\u0101rangi"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5724406832","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WW-146R-17","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335369","funder_display_name":"Marsden Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6038974397","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UOC305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335369","funder_display_name":"Marsden Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7103577392","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UOC1301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309024","funder_display_name":"National Geographic Society"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7316903147","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UOC1301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335369","funder_display_name":"Marsden Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8712175918","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UOC0507","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335369","funder_display_name":"Marsden Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309024","display_name":"National Geographic Society","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqh5m06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310502","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320774","display_name":"Royal Society Te Ap\u0101rangi","ror":"https://ror.org/04tajb587"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335369","display_name":"Marsden Fund","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093140366.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093140366.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28491340","https://openalex.org/W64279091","https://openalex.org/W271066928","https://openalex.org/W1501120359","https://openalex.org/W1565105087","https://openalex.org/W1600984297","https://openalex.org/W1784509451","https://openalex.org/W1952030403","https://openalex.org/W1961848861","https://openalex.org/W1970748802","https://openalex.org/W1972393958","https://openalex.org/W1973562422","https://openalex.org/W1977705920","https://openalex.org/W1982009673","https://openalex.org/W1994358318","https://openalex.org/W1996491993","https://openalex.org/W1998927588","https://openalex.org/W2000985793","https://openalex.org/W2001406131","https://openalex.org/W2007193753","https://openalex.org/W2012626242","https://openalex.org/W2015067435","https://openalex.org/W2015545219","https://openalex.org/W2016635367","https://openalex.org/W2018350046","https://openalex.org/W2019012536","https://openalex.org/W2024159878","https://openalex.org/W2024909108","https://openalex.org/W2030937784","https://openalex.org/W2031485535","https://openalex.org/W2035513239","https://openalex.org/W2038847773","https://openalex.org/W2038862284","https://openalex.org/W2047221591","https://openalex.org/W2048151716","https://openalex.org/W2054880013","https://openalex.org/W2055681355","https://openalex.org/W2055943560","https://openalex.org/W2058233063","https://openalex.org/W2064250832","https://openalex.org/W2067253250","https://openalex.org/W2075703247","https://openalex.org/W2081778862","https://openalex.org/W2086953242","https://openalex.org/W2095921698","https://openalex.org/W2096707172","https://openalex.org/W2100384913","https://openalex.org/W2104488471","https://openalex.org/W2114301345","https://openalex.org/W2118684503","https://openalex.org/W2119863158","https://openalex.org/W2121843986","https://openalex.org/W2122788746","https://openalex.org/W2129867615","https://openalex.org/W2130265017","https://openalex.org/W2130266893","https://openalex.org/W2132042356","https://openalex.org/W2133106300","https://openalex.org/W2136954313","https://openalex.org/W2137625648","https://openalex.org/W2140361415","https://openalex.org/W2145115330","https://openalex.org/W2149563647","https://openalex.org/W2156166989","https://openalex.org/W2156834836","https://openalex.org/W2158025152","https://openalex.org/W2160786171","https://openalex.org/W2164176362","https://openalex.org/W2165877041","https://openalex.org/W2181100457","https://openalex.org/W2183835656","https://openalex.org/W2216829287","https://openalex.org/W2237741912","https://openalex.org/W2264663145","https://openalex.org/W2284041118","https://openalex.org/W2330950817","https://openalex.org/W2486056508","https://openalex.org/W2490356861","https://openalex.org/W2519489054","https://openalex.org/W2534378580","https://openalex.org/W2572429649","https://openalex.org/W2606256519","https://openalex.org/W2615822064","https://openalex.org/W2774992589","https://openalex.org/W2797318679","https://openalex.org/W2801118440","https://openalex.org/W2888882506","https://openalex.org/W2914269992","https://openalex.org/W2963953164","https://openalex.org/W2969981469","https://openalex.org/W2981737794","https://openalex.org/W3114779163","https://openalex.org/W3151551979","https://openalex.org/W4211115189","https://openalex.org/W4211158817","https://openalex.org/W4214686098","https://openalex.org/W4231616929","https://openalex.org/W4233486985","https://openalex.org/W4241555602","https://openalex.org/W4246420018","https://openalex.org/W4252891102","https://openalex.org/W4388250822","https://openalex.org/W4407237236"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2753846938","https://openalex.org/W4415396675","https://openalex.org/W3080487852","https://openalex.org/W7221017372","https://openalex.org/W4393120942","https://openalex.org/W3125242779","https://openalex.org/W2164176362","https://openalex.org/W2056536913","https://openalex.org/W6930896404","https://openalex.org/W2807433996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Macphail\u2019s":[0],"\u2018null":[1],"hypothesis\u2019,":[2],"that":[3,139],"there":[4,97],"are":[5,113],"no":[6],"differences":[7],"in":[8,28,91,145,231],"intelligence,":[9,123,174],"qualitative":[10],"or":[11,143],"quantitative,":[12],"between":[13,191],"non-human":[14,35],"vertebrates":[15,47],"has":[16],"been":[17],"controversial.":[18],"This":[19],"controversy":[20],"can":[21,209],"be":[22,210],"useful":[23,131],"if":[24],"it":[25,128],"encourages":[26],"interest":[27],"acquiring":[29],"a":[30,59,68,84,134,148,158,170,207,215],"detailed":[31],"understanding":[32],"of":[33,93,101,137,178,186],"how":[34],"animals":[36],"express":[37,223],"flexible":[38,152,224],"problem-solving":[39,153],"capacity":[40,85,154,234],"(\u2018intelligence\u2019),":[41],"but":[42,116,228],"limiting":[43],"the":[44,189,229],"discussion":[45],"to":[46,86,132,151,161,173],"is":[48,98,129,140,185,235,240],"too":[49],"arbitrary.":[50],"As":[51],"an":[52,62],"example,":[53],"we":[54,203],"focus":[55],"here":[56],"on":[57,78,107,163],"Portia,":[58],"spider":[60],"with":[61,188],"especially":[63,197],"intricate":[64],"predatory":[65],"strategy":[66],"and":[67,83,105,157,193],"preference":[69],"for":[70,155,166,212],"other":[71,146],"spiders":[72],"as":[73,124],"prey.":[74],"We":[75],"review":[76],"research":[77],"pre-planned":[79],"detours,":[80],"expectancy":[81],"violation":[82],"solve":[87],"confinement":[88],"problems":[89],"where,":[90],"each":[92],"these":[94,205],"three":[95],"contexts,":[96],"experimental":[99],"evidence":[100],"innate":[102],"cognitive":[103,111],"capacities":[104,112],"reliance":[106,162],"internal":[108,164],"representation.":[109],"These":[110],"related":[114],"to,":[115,119],"not":[117],"identical":[118],"intelligence.":[120],"When":[121,168,202],"discussing":[122,126],"when":[125,199],"cognition,":[127],"more":[130,241],"envisage":[133],"continuum":[135,149,159,171],"instead":[136],"something":[138],"simply":[141],"present":[142],"not;":[144],"words,":[147],"pertaining":[150,160,172],"\u2018intelligence\u2019":[156],"representation":[165],"\u2018cognition\u2019.":[167],"envisaging":[169],"Daniel":[175],"Dennett\u2019s":[176],"notion":[177],"four":[179],"Creatures":[180,195,222,239],"(Darwinian,":[181],"Skinnerian,":[182],"Popperian,":[183],"Gregorian)":[184],"interest,":[187],"distinction":[190],"Skinnerian":[192,219],"Popperian":[194,216,221,238],"being":[196,214],"relevant":[198],"considering":[200],"Portia.":[201],"consider":[204],"distinctions,":[206],"case":[208],"made":[211],"Portia":[213],"Creature.":[217],"Like":[218],"Creatures,":[220],"problem":[225],"solving":[226],"capacity,":[227],"manner":[230],"which":[232],"this":[233],"expressed":[236],"by":[237],"distinctively":[242],"cognitive.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2020-10-22T00:00:00"}
