{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093087918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.001","title":"Varnish technology during the 16th\u201318th century: The use of pumice and bone ash as solid driers","display_name":"Varnish technology during the 16th\u201318th century: The use of pumice and bone ash as solid driers","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093087918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.001","mag":"3093087918"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.001","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207420304696?via%3Dihub","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1016481467","display_name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","issn_l":"1296-2074","issn":["1296-2074","1778-3674"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207420304696?via%3Dihub","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078879241","display_name":"Stefan Zumb\u00fchl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8896-2938","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8896-2938"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130692619","display_name":"Bern University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bnkt322","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Zumb\u00fchl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bern University of Applied Sciences, Art Technological Laboratory HKB, Fellerstrasse 11, 3027 Bern, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8896-2938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bern University of Applied Sciences, Art Technological Laboratory HKB, Fellerstrasse 11, 3027 Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039849448","display_name":"Balthazar Soulier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3639-2213","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3639-2213"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130692619","display_name":"Bern University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bnkt322","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balthazar Soulier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Atelier Cels, Rue Cels 7, Paris 75014, \u00cele-de-France, France","Bern University of Applied Sciences, Art Technological Laboratory HKB, Fellerstrasse 11, 3027 Bern, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3639-2213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Atelier Cels, Rue Cels 7, Paris 75014, \u00cele-de-France, France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bern University of Applied Sciences, Art Technological Laboratory HKB, Fellerstrasse 11, 3027 Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009382818","display_name":"Christophe Zindel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4476-7508","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4476-7508"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097473","display_name":"Art of Technology (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/00zndc617","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097473"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christophe Zindel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Historian of Art Technology, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4476-7508","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Historian of Art Technology, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097473"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078879241"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1800},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1800},"fwci":4.9058,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94588069,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":null,"first_page":"59","last_page":"68"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11212","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11212","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12981","display_name":"Conservation Techniques and Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1206","display_name":"Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14191","display_name":"Historical Art and Architecture Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1206","display_name":"Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pumice","display_name":"pumice","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-ash","display_name":"bone ash","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/16th-18th-century","display_name":"16th-18th centuries","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/film-mechanical-properties","display_name":"film mechanical properties","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supplementary-cementitious-materials","display_name":"supplementary cementitious materials","score":0.593999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28667232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81683","display_name":"Varnish","level":3,"score":0.7987552881240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75268469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180044","display_name":"Pumice","level":3,"score":0.7508680820465088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6224633455276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162585328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1456571","display_name":"Alkyd","level":3,"score":0.5279293060302734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5077375173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.39644280076026917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781448156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570182","display_name":"Coating","level":2,"score":0.392729789018631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.3403436541557312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.3231295645236969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.26232773065567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2087029218673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.10043767094612122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120806208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8072","display_name":"Volcano","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.001","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207420304696?via%3Dihub","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1016481467","display_name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","issn_l":"1296-2074","issn":["1296-2074","1778-3674"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arbor.bfh.ch:15684","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arbor.bfh.ch/15684/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922806","display_name":"ARBOR - Bern University of Applied Sciences Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Zumb\u00fchl, Stefan; Soulier, Jacques Balthazar; Zindel, Christophe (2021). Varnish Technology during the 16th\u201318th Century: The Use of Pumice and Bone ash as Solid Driers Journal of Cultural Heritage, 47, pp. 59-68. Elsevier 10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.001 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.001>","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.24451/arbor.15684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24451/arbor.15684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24451/arbor.15684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051224","display_name":"BFH: ARBOR","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.001","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207420304696?via%3Dihub","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1016481467","display_name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","issn_l":"1296-2074","issn":["1296-2074","1778-3674"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323720","display_name":"Berner Fachhochschule","ror":"https://ror.org/02bnkt322"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093087918.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093087918.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W619718216","https://openalex.org/W1480636612","https://openalex.org/W1552860341","https://openalex.org/W1563908672","https://openalex.org/W1691947372","https://openalex.org/W1964042666","https://openalex.org/W1968063684","https://openalex.org/W1988375384","https://openalex.org/W1990816638","https://openalex.org/W2011068335","https://openalex.org/W2020528520","https://openalex.org/W2023279582","https://openalex.org/W2049997189","https://openalex.org/W2058090918","https://openalex.org/W2074784484","https://openalex.org/W2121124874","https://openalex.org/W2126863855","https://openalex.org/W2165319368","https://openalex.org/W2181576226","https://openalex.org/W2205880320","https://openalex.org/W2227678934","https://openalex.org/W2327472752","https://openalex.org/W2568689267","https://openalex.org/W2570542325","https://openalex.org/W2594888835","https://openalex.org/W2724357807","https://openalex.org/W2754737991","https://openalex.org/W2770178566","https://openalex.org/W2992544900","https://openalex.org/W2993694633","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6701453287","https://openalex.org/W6771435751","https://openalex.org/W6888904314","https://openalex.org/W6989995559"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6963942242","https://openalex.org/W4390012608","https://openalex.org/W2020528520","https://openalex.org/W7034458640","https://openalex.org/W4393367087","https://openalex.org/W7127050786","https://openalex.org/W1755885316","https://openalex.org/W3033326804","https://openalex.org/W3170566514","https://openalex.org/W7077174082"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,131],"historical":[1,60,114],"varnish":[2,95],"technology":[3],"is":[4,24,144],"of":[5,18,51,93,99,119,133,172,195],"interest":[6],"to":[7,26,81],"various":[8,174],"fields":[9],"in":[10,29,59],"cultural":[11],"heritage.":[12],"To":[13],"understand":[14],"the":[15,30,34,37,40,49,76,79,82,89,94,97,106,110,117,138,157,173,191,204],"material":[16,38],"properties":[17,194],"these":[19,134,142,183],"historic":[20],"surface":[21],"coatings":[22],"it":[23,149],"important":[25],"get":[27],"insight":[28],"technological":[31,139,168],"background,":[32],"i.e.":[33],"relationship":[35],"between":[36,78],"and":[39,54,72,96,109,125,155,159,198],"processing":[41],"method.":[42],"This":[43],"study":[44],"has":[45,176],"specifically":[46],"focused":[47],"on":[48,105,203],"use":[50],"pumice":[52,123],"stone":[53,124],"bone":[55,126],"ash":[56,127],"often":[57],"mentioned":[58],"sources":[61],"as":[62,165],"driers":[63],"for":[64],"oil-based":[65,120],"coating":[66],"systems.":[67],"For":[68],"this":[69,181],"purpose":[70],"lute":[71],"Italian":[73],"violins":[74],"from":[75,113],"period":[77],"16th":[80],"mid":[83],"18th":[84],"century":[85],"were":[86,102],"examined.":[87],"Both,":[88],"main":[90],"organic":[91,158],"composition":[92],"addition":[98],"mineral":[100],"additives":[101,185],"considered.":[103],"Based":[104],"analytical":[107],"data":[108],"corresponding":[111],"information":[112],"written":[115],"sources,":[116],"siccativation":[118],"varnishes":[121,143],"with":[122],"was":[128],"simulated":[129],"experimentally.":[130],"results":[132],"reconstructions":[135],"confirm":[136],"that":[137,156],"know-how":[140],"behind":[141],"far":[145],"more":[146],"complex":[147],"than":[148],"may":[150],"appear":[151],"at":[152],"first":[153],"glance":[154],"inorganic":[160,184],"components":[161,175],"must":[162],"be":[163],"regarded":[164],"a":[166,177,200],"balanced":[167],"system":[169],"where":[170],"each":[171],"specific":[178],"function.":[179],"In":[180],"context,":[182],"effectively":[186],"induced":[187],"accelerated":[188],"drying,":[189],"improved":[190],"mechanical":[192],"film":[193],"young":[196],"films":[197],"showed":[199],"stabilizing":[201],"effect":[202],"long-term":[205],"degradation":[206],"during":[207],"aging.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2020-10-22T00:00:00"}