{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3092575222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100592","title":"Combining UAV Imagery, Volunteered Geographic Information, and Field Survey Data to Improve Characterization of Rural Water Points in Malawi","display_name":"Combining UAV Imagery, Volunteered Geographic Information, and Field Survey Data to Improve Characterization of Rural Water Points in Malawi","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3092575222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100592","mag":"3092575222"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9100592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100592","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/10/592/pdf?version=1602494886","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/10/592/pdf?version=1602494886","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025724445","display_name":"Marc J. C. Van den Homberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1436-254X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1436-254X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marc van den Homberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["510 An Initiative of The Netherlands Red Cross, 2593 HT The Hague, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1436-254X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"510 An Initiative of The Netherlands Red Cross, 2593 HT The Hague, The Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060967846","display_name":"Arjen Crince","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arjen Crince","raw_affiliation_strings":["510 An Initiative of The Netherlands Red Cross, 2593 HT The Hague, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"510 An Initiative of The Netherlands Red Cross, 2593 HT The Hague, The Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029244797","display_name":"Jurg Wilbrink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3348-8271","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3348-8271"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jurg Wilbrink","raw_affiliation_strings":["510 An Initiative of The Netherlands Red Cross, 2593 HT The Hague, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3348-8271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"510 An Initiative of The Netherlands Red Cross, 2593 HT The Hague, The Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075506045","display_name":"Dani\u00ebl Kersbergen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dani\u00ebl Kersbergen","raw_affiliation_strings":["510 An Initiative of The Netherlands Red Cross, 2593 HT The Hague, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"510 An Initiative of The Netherlands Red Cross, 2593 HT The Hague, The Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024303107","display_name":"Gumbi Gumbi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gumbi Gumbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi Red Cross Society, Lilongwe 207214, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi Red Cross Society, Lilongwe 207214, Malawi","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Simon Tembo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Tembo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi Red Cross Society, Lilongwe 207214, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi Red Cross Society, Lilongwe 207214, Malawi","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036128581","display_name":"Rob L. G. Lemmens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5269-6343","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5269-6343"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152645","display_name":"International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation","ror":"https://ror.org/038v7xb98","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152645","https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rob Lemmens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152645","https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025724445"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1056},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1056},"fwci":6.5432,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96396096,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"10","first_page":"592","last_page":"592"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.01769999973475933,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14359","display_name":"Wetland Management and Conservation","score":0.00839999970048666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uav-imagery","display_name":"UAV imagery","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volunteered-geographic-information","display_name":"volunteered geographic information","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/openstreetmap","display_name":"OpenStreetMap","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"satellite imagery","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integration","display_name":"data integration","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-heterogeneity","display_name":"data heterogeneity","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malawi","display_name":"Malawi","score":0.4950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57380593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933625","display_name":"Volunteered geographic information","level":2,"score":0.7909576892852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.6290536522865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5727834701538086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5604570508003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.5552428364753723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4918549060821533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4768684506416321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4553745687007904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4394647181034088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176262533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688034","display_name":"Aerial survey","level":2,"score":0.42616090178489685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.394707590341568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.274006724357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.178847998380661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9100592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100592","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/10/592/pdf?version=1602494886","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/f6d8d2eb-b857-40e9-a124-c366401a842c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/f6d8d2eb-b857-40e9-a124-c366401a842c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"van den Homberg, M, Crince, A, Wilbrink, J, Kersbergen, D, Gumbi, G, Tembo, S & Lemmens, R 2020, 'Combining UAV Imagery, Volunteered Geographic Information, and Field Survey Data to Improve Characterization of Rural Water Points in Malawi', ISPRS international journal of geo-information, vol. 9, no. 10, 592, pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100592","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:41376c98c7c5471da6cbc2d8535f85fa","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/41376c98c7c5471da6cbc2d8535f85fa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 9, Iss 10, p 592 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:ut:oai:ris.utwente.nl:publications/f6d8d2eb-b857-40e9-a124-c366401a842c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/f6d8d2eb-b857-40e9-a124-c366401a842c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS international journal of geo-information, 9(10):592, 1 - 20. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9100592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100592","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/10/592/pdf?version=1602494886","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.965499997138977},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5142999887466431}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F8667999167","display_name":"European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations","ror":"https://ror.org/03mces004"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092575222.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092575222.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037770017","https://openalex.org/W2532999214","https://openalex.org/W2624675266","https://openalex.org/W2744663224","https://openalex.org/W2765473889","https://openalex.org/W2884689408","https://openalex.org/W2885642365","https://openalex.org/W2903252108","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2979527643","https://openalex.org/W2992014982","https://openalex.org/W3038187379"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2587601642","https://openalex.org/W3198625367","https://openalex.org/W3217145100","https://openalex.org/W4400982955","https://openalex.org/W2949870475","https://openalex.org/W71275946","https://openalex.org/W7115436145","https://openalex.org/W2776726269","https://openalex.org/W2563005026","https://openalex.org/W2740300856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,6,88,107,134],"world":[2],"is":[3,158,172],"digitizing":[4],"fast,":[5],"increase":[7],"in":[8,43,137,174],"Big":[9,39],"and":[10,38,86,105,143,178,190],"Small":[11],"Data":[12,40],"offers":[13],"opportunities":[14],"to":[15,58,80,92,161],"enrich":[16],"official":[17],"statistics":[18],"for":[19,53],"reporting":[20],"on":[21,64,83,90,99,117,121,127],"Sustainable":[22],"Development":[23],"Goals":[24],"(SDG).":[25],"However,":[26],"survey":[27,192],"data":[28,46,56,116,126],"coming":[29],"from":[30,130],"an":[31,176],"increased":[32],"number":[33,108],"of":[34,45,68,96,109,139,141,145],"organizations":[35],"(Small":[36],"Data)":[37],"offer":[41],"challenges":[42],"terms":[44,138],"heterogeneity.":[47],"This":[48],"paper":[49],"describes":[50],"a":[51,60],"methodology":[52],"combining":[54,184],"various":[55],"sources":[57],"create":[59],"more":[61,152],"comprehensive":[62],"dataset":[63,182],"SDG":[65],"6.1.1.":[66],"(proportion":[67],"population":[69],"using":[70],"safely":[71],"managed":[72],"drinking":[73],"water":[74,97,113,118,128,180],"services).":[75],"We":[76],"enabled":[77],"digital":[78],"volunteers":[79],"trace":[81],"buildings":[82],"satellite":[84],"imagery":[85,104,124,149,156],"used":[87],"traces":[89],"OpenStreetMap":[91],"facilitate":[93],"visual":[94],"detection":[95],"points":[98,119,129],"Unmanned":[100],"Aerial":[101],"Vehicle":[102],"(UAV)":[103],"estimate":[106],"people":[110],"served":[111],"per":[112],"point.":[114],"Combining":[115],"identified":[120],"our":[122,170],"UAV":[123,155,185],"with":[125],"field":[131,191],"surveys":[132],"improves":[133],"overall":[135],"quality":[136],"removal":[140],"inconsistencies":[142],"enrichment":[144],"attribute":[146],"information.":[147],"Satellite":[148],"enables":[150],"scaling":[151],"easily":[153],"than":[154],"but":[157],"too":[159],"costly":[160],"acquire":[162],"at":[163],"sufficiently":[164],"high":[165],"resolution.":[166],"For":[167],"small":[168],"areas,":[169],"workflow":[171],"cost-effective":[173],"creating":[175],"up-to-date":[177],"consistent":[179],"point":[181],"by":[183],"imagery,":[186],"Volunteered":[187],"Geographic":[188],"Information,":[189],"data.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2020-10-15T00:00:00"}