{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3092239986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3384941.3409588","title":"Challenges in Machine Learning based approaches for Real-Time Anomaly Detection in Industrial Control Systems","display_name":"Challenges in Machine Learning based approaches for Real-Time Anomaly Detection in Industrial Control Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3092239986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3384941.3409588","mag":"3092239986"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3384941.3409588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3384941.3409588","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3384941.3409588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407113928","display_name":"ACM Workshop on Cyber-Physical System Security (CPSS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 6th ACM on Cyber-Physical System Security Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077409980","display_name":"Chuadhry Mujeeb Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3644-0465","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3644-0465"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuadhry Mujeeb Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019304605","display_name":"M. R. Gauthama Raman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-9330","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-9330"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gauthama Raman M R","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041431658","display_name":"Aditya P. Mathur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-6286","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-6286"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aditya P. Mathur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.2099,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99464716,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"23","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9053000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9053000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.08709999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"anomaly detection","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-systems","display_name":"industrial control systems","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-deployment","display_name":"real-time deployment","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure-protection","display_name":"critical infrastructure protection","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-grid","display_name":"power grid","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-treatment-plant","display_name":"water treatment plant","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-autoencoder","display_name":"deep autoencoder","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"multilayer perceptron","score":0.8579999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.8010601997375488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6989284157752991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6211199760437012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.5051189064979553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.502002477645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4728584289550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4567512273788452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4555649757385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4464437961578369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.4320051074028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42866265773773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4251544177532196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39439594745635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35118916630744934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.349515825510025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14333763718605042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.08299803733825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3384941.3409588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3384941.3409588","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3384941.3409588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407113928","display_name":"ACM Workshop on Cyber-Physical System Security (CPSS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 6th ACM on Cyber-Physical System Security Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:74788","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/1321193.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Book Section"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5405695802","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2016NCR-NCR002-023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977555035","https://openalex.org/W1985987493","https://openalex.org/W2081544377","https://openalex.org/W2150847526","https://openalex.org/W2161630727","https://openalex.org/W2407991977","https://openalex.org/W2588209769","https://openalex.org/W2603866843","https://openalex.org/W2608911009","https://openalex.org/W2615836285","https://openalex.org/W2727422487","https://openalex.org/W2742724057","https://openalex.org/W2753352458","https://openalex.org/W2755148105","https://openalex.org/W2768947629","https://openalex.org/W2805774329","https://openalex.org/W2886897880","https://openalex.org/W2896370767","https://openalex.org/W2896487165","https://openalex.org/W2908471618","https://openalex.org/W2910314742","https://openalex.org/W2914192381","https://openalex.org/W2973082090","https://openalex.org/W2993376333","https://openalex.org/W3081170483","https://openalex.org/W3119781401","https://openalex.org/W4243272515"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3191984229","https://openalex.org/W3096918578","https://openalex.org/W3089361071","https://openalex.org/W3087381347","https://openalex.org/W2905030198","https://openalex.org/W2889320868","https://openalex.org/W3182848996","https://openalex.org/W4403127496","https://openalex.org/W7104721381","https://openalex.org/W7154499033"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data-centric":[0],"approaches":[1,26],"are":[2,55],"becoming":[3],"increasingly":[4],"common":[5],"in":[6,73,113,140],"the":[7,17,38,70,82,90,128],"creation":[8],"of":[9,81],"defense":[10],"mechanisms":[11],"for":[12,93],"critical":[13],"infrastructure":[14],"such":[15,106,125],"as":[16],"electric":[18,118],"power":[19,119],"grid":[20],"and":[21,34,44,89,137],"water":[22],"treatment":[23],"plants.":[24],"Such":[25,53],"often":[27],"use":[28],"well-known":[29],"methods":[30],"from":[31,61],"machine":[32],"learning":[33],"system":[35],"identification,":[36],"i.e.,":[37],"Multi-Layer":[39],"Perceptron,":[40],"Convolutional":[41],"Neural":[42],"Network,":[43],"Deep":[45],"Auto":[46],"Encoders":[47],"to":[48,84,102],"create":[49,85],"process":[50],"anomaly":[51,87,135],"detectors.":[52],"detectors":[54,107,136],"then":[56],"evaluated":[57],"using":[58,138],"data":[59,91],"generated":[60],"an":[62,86],"operational":[63],"plant":[64],"or":[65,116],"a":[66,77,141],"simulator;":[67],"rarely":[68],"is":[69],"assessment":[71],"conducted":[72],"real":[74],"time":[75],"on":[76],"live":[78,142],"plant.":[79,143],"Regardless":[80],"method":[83],"detector,":[88],"used":[92],"performance":[94],"evaluation,":[95],"there":[96],"remain":[97],"significant":[98],"challenges":[99,126],"that":[100,127],"ought":[101],"be":[103,109],"overcome":[104],"before":[105],"can":[108],"deployed":[110],"with":[111],"confidence":[112],"city-scale":[114],"plants":[115],"large":[117],"grids.":[120],"This":[121],"position":[122],"paper":[123],"enumerates":[124],"authors":[129],"have":[130],"faced":[131],"when":[132],"creating":[133],"data-centric":[134],"them":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2020-10-15T00:00:00"}