{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3090343602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.0698","title":"Machine learning based disaggregation of air\u2010conditioning loads using smart meter data","display_name":"Machine learning based disaggregation of air\u2010conditioning loads using smart meter data","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3090343602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.0698","mag":"3090343602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.0698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.0698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.0698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71857517","display_name":"IET Generation Transmission & Distribution","issn_l":"1751-8687","issn":["1751-8687","1751-8695"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1160744/1/2020-GTD-0698-Machine%20learning%20based%20disaggregation%20of%20air%20conditioning%20loads%20using%20smart%20meter%20data.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022275321","display_name":"Behzad Najafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-2956","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-2956"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Behzad Najafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4, Milano, 20156 Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-2956","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4, Milano, 20156 Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024015379","display_name":"Luca Di Narzo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Di Narzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4, Milano, 20156 Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4, Milano, 20156 Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060943435","display_name":"Fabio Rinaldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0783-5425","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0783-5425"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Rinaldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4, Milano, 20156 Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4, Milano, 20156 Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016220869","display_name":"Reza Arghandeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0691-5426","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0691-5426"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179863766","display_name":"Western Norway University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05phns765","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179863766"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Arghandeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, 5063 Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, 5063 Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179863766"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022275321"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":{"value":2940,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2940},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0416,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74526272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"21","first_page":"4755","last_page":"4762"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.79830002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.79830002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.18199999630451202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.010400000028312206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-intrusive-load-monitoring","display_name":"non-intrusive load monitoring","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-meter-data","display_name":"smart meter data","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-energy-consumption","display_name":"household energy consumption","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorological-observations","display_name":"meteorological observations","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"feature extraction","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"hyperparameter optimization","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-privacy","display_name":"user privacy","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-energy-monitoring","display_name":"building energy monitoring","score":0.6060000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.7422910928726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151011524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11573","display_name":"Metre","level":2,"score":0.6787751913070679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779510800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630602","display_name":"Smart meter","level":3,"score":0.6456572413444519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67172668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622756","display_name":"Electricity meter","level":3,"score":0.6020887494087219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5490949749946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45262634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159291","display_name":"Conditioning","level":2,"score":0.5296822786331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3730301260948181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2845364212989807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2159157693386078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.1882888674736023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11647659540176392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11243888735771179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08319401741027832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.0698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.0698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.0698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71857517","display_name":"IET Generation Transmission & Distribution","issn_l":"1751-8687","issn":["1751-8687","1751-8695"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1160744","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1160744","pdf_url":"https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1160744/1/2020-GTD-0698-Machine%20learning%20based%20disaggregation%20of%20air%20conditioning%20loads%20using%20smart%20meter%20data.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1160744","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1160744","pdf_url":"https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1160744/1/2020-GTD-0698-Machine%20learning%20based%20disaggregation%20of%20air%20conditioning%20loads%20using%20smart%20meter%20data.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8485000133514404,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5351999998092651,"display_name":"Climate action"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3090343602.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3090343602.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479651931","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1967831571","https://openalex.org/W1979432941","https://openalex.org/W2003668155","https://openalex.org/W2013000896","https://openalex.org/W2034788837","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2081688265","https://openalex.org/W2092577194","https://openalex.org/W2100294654","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2168257715","https://openalex.org/W2174209625","https://openalex.org/W2296138547","https://openalex.org/W2309832917","https://openalex.org/W2330456757","https://openalex.org/W2555926712","https://openalex.org/W2566350933","https://openalex.org/W2762037728","https://openalex.org/W2770043415","https://openalex.org/W2772226738","https://openalex.org/W2790866531","https://openalex.org/W2886278788","https://openalex.org/W2899749844","https://openalex.org/W2903249847","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2964219545","https://openalex.org/W2967003991","https://openalex.org/W2987189031","https://openalex.org/W4253898697","https://openalex.org/W4254048460"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081688265","https://openalex.org/W3111900086","https://openalex.org/W2770043415","https://openalex.org/W4360584099","https://openalex.org/W2888316102","https://openalex.org/W4391947879","https://openalex.org/W2969068229","https://openalex.org/W3016331391","https://openalex.org/W3015766084","https://openalex.org/W4392745093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,66,80,85,182],"novel":[4],"machine":[5,67],"learning\u2010based":[6,68],"methodology":[7],"to":[8,109,181,197],"estimate":[9,110],"the":[10,15,26,29,33,56,76,93,111,120,124,131,139,143,151,164,170,198],"air\u2010conditioning":[11],"(AC)":[12],"load":[13,31,95,113],"from":[14,32,41,79,150],"hourly":[16],"smart":[17,53,89,132,152],"meter":[18,90,133],"data.":[19,156],"The":[20,102,157,177],"commonly":[21],"employed":[22],"approaches":[23],"for":[24],"disaggregating":[25],"share":[27],"of":[28,82,117,123,142],"AC":[30,94,112],"total":[34],"consumption":[35],"are":[36,148,167,174],"either":[37],"using":[38,75],"data":[39,46,77,91,134,193],"obtained":[40,78,103],"dedicated":[42],"sensors":[43],"or":[44],"high\u2010frequency":[45],"that":[47],"cannot":[48],"be":[49],"provided":[50],"by":[51],"conventional":[52,199],"meters.":[54],"In":[55],"present":[57],"work,":[58],"an":[59,205],"alternative":[60],"approach":[61],"is":[62,70,106,161],"proposed,":[63],"in":[64,84,114,119],"which":[65],"pipeline":[69,105,144],"first":[71,140],"optimised":[72,168],"and":[73,92,135,154,169,191],"trained":[74],"set":[81,116],"households":[83],"period,":[86],"including":[87],"both":[88],"measurements":[96],"along":[97],"with":[98,129],"corresponding":[99,165],"weather":[100,136,155],"conditions.":[101,137],"optimal":[104],"then":[107,162],"utilised":[108],"another":[115],"buildings":[118],"same":[121],"period":[122],"year,":[125],"while":[126,203],"providing":[127,204],"it":[128],"only":[130],"As":[138],"step":[141],"implementation,":[145],"several":[146],"features":[147],"extracted":[149],"meters":[153],"most":[158,171],"promising":[159],"algorithm":[160],"determined,":[163],"hyper\u2010parameters":[166],"influential":[172],"parameters":[173],"finally":[175],"determined.":[176],"proposed":[178],"method":[179],"leads":[180],"lower":[183,187],"monitoring":[184],"system's":[185],"cost,":[186],"user":[188],"privacy":[189],"concerns":[190],"fewer":[192],"processing":[194],"complexity":[195],"compared":[196],"energy":[200],"disaggregation":[201],"approaches,":[202],"acceptable":[206],"accuracy.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-10-08T00:00:00"}