{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3089700515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103507","title":"A systematic approach to identify initiating events and its relationship to Probabilistic Risk Assessment: Demonstrated on the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment","display_name":"A systematic approach to identify initiating events and its relationship to Probabilistic Risk Assessment: Demonstrated on the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3089700515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103507","mag":"3089700515"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103507","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201829030","display_name":"Progress in Nuclear Energy","issn_l":"0149-1970","issn":["0149-1970","1878-4224"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in Nuclear Energy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103507","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042401117","display_name":"Brandon Chisholm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7589-5716","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7589-5716"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brandon M. Chisholm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, PMB 351831, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, 37235, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, PMB 351831, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, 37235, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021610313","display_name":"Steven Krahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5212-0667","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5212-0667"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven L. Krahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, PMB 351831, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, 37235, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, PMB 351831, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, 37235, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040285792","display_name":"Karl N. Fleming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-7253","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-7253"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karl N. Fleming","raw_affiliation_strings":["KNF Consulting Services LLC, 816 West Francis Ave, Spokane, WA, 99205, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KNF Consulting Services LLC, 816 West Francis Ave, Spokane, WA, 99205, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042401117"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1950},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1950},"fwci":0.6523,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69599121,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"129","issue":null,"first_page":"103507","last_page":"103507"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9140999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9140999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10597","display_name":"Nuclear reactor physics and engineering","score":0.053300000727176666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2104","display_name":"Nuclear Energy and Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12560","display_name":"Nuclear Engineering Thermal-Hydraulics","score":0.022700000554323196,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2104","display_name":"Nuclear Energy and Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initiating-events","display_name":"initiating events","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molten-salt-reactor-experiment","display_name":"Molten Salt Reactor Experiment","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-risk-assessment","display_name":"probabilistic risk assessment","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazop","display_name":"HAZOP","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event-tree-analysis","display_name":"event tree analysis","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radioactive-material-inventory","display_name":"radioactive material inventory","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-and-deductive-methods","display_name":"inductive and deductive methods","score":0.7490000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125174871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1683210","display_name":"Hazard and operability study","level":3,"score":0.8749223351478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126231374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061298","display_name":"Operability","level":2,"score":0.7990854978561401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5965341329574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107094494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428453","display_name":"Fault tree analysis","level":2,"score":0.575539767742157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5264055132865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5248827338218689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.521612286567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65898831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574852","display_name":"Event tree","level":3,"score":0.4656062722206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.46330055594444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.4475458860397339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120208923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158435","display_name":"Conceptual design","level":2,"score":0.43853604793548584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778353533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931010","display_name":"Molten salt","level":2,"score":0.41705793142318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.39664432406425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.3884564936161041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14194926619529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.1353989839553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.10831370949745178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103507","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201829030","display_name":"Progress in Nuclear Energy","issn_l":"0149-1970","issn":["0149-1970","1878-4224"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in Nuclear Energy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1670216","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1670216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1850453","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1850453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103507","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201829030","display_name":"Progress in Nuclear Energy","issn_l":"0149-1970","issn":["0149-1970","1878-4224"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in Nuclear Energy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1840513217","display_name":"NUCLEAR ENERGY UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS - FELLOWSHIP AND SCHOLARSHIP","funder_award_id":"DENE0000646","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310509","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337546","display_name":"Nuclear Energy University Program","ror":"https://ror.org/05tj7dm33"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2218765","https://openalex.org/W46930306","https://openalex.org/W76080334","https://openalex.org/W138643982","https://openalex.org/W163792080","https://openalex.org/W185289831","https://openalex.org/W1526543986","https://openalex.org/W1546527498","https://openalex.org/W1574539421","https://openalex.org/W1985858614","https://openalex.org/W2002318382","https://openalex.org/W2072510415","https://openalex.org/W2147704565","https://openalex.org/W2534250510","https://openalex.org/W2597278860","https://openalex.org/W2614317194","https://openalex.org/W2898981438","https://openalex.org/W2910568624","https://openalex.org/W2941304903","https://openalex.org/W2973193050","https://openalex.org/W2974094422","https://openalex.org/W2976103251","https://openalex.org/W2994890860","https://openalex.org/W2998100660","https://openalex.org/W3134556035","https://openalex.org/W4236707022","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6906615838","https://openalex.org/W2910568624","https://openalex.org/W2974094422","https://openalex.org/W1957561655","https://openalex.org/W1578758742","https://openalex.org/W7163697989","https://openalex.org/W7223148001","https://openalex.org/W4391854753","https://openalex.org/W4287206312","https://openalex.org/W6968282932"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,59,66,76,99,112,132,194,222,244,256,267],"the":[2,28,57,63,67,73,130,168,171,209,220,223,242,265],"first":[3],"steps":[4],"in":[5,141,203,258],"developing":[6],"a":[7,20,35,45,51,110,146,204,253,259,268],"risk":[8,60,79],"assessment":[9,80,119],"model":[10],"is":[11,19,49,262],"an":[12,97,100,155,273],"exhaustive":[13],"search":[14],"for":[15,34,44,72,154,191,230,234,240],"initiating":[16],"events,":[17],"which":[18],"systematic":[21,147],"and":[22,70,87,129,148,176,178,188,246],"comprehensive":[23,149],"starting":[24],"point":[25],"to":[26,151,186,251,264],"answer":[27],"question":[29],"\u201cwhat":[30],"can":[31,136],"go":[32],"wrong?\u201d":[33],"given":[36],"system":[37],"design.":[38],"Identifying":[39],"Postulated":[40],"Initiating":[41],"Events":[42],"(PIEs)":[43],"reactor":[46,102,236,270],"design":[47,68,122,207,225,271,275],"that":[48,104,145,161,261],"at":[50,272],"conceptual":[52],"or":[53,115],"preliminary":[54],"stage":[55],"facilitates":[56],"incorporation":[58],"insights":[61],"into":[62],"next":[64],"iteration":[65],"process":[69],"allows":[71],"early":[74,274],"establishment":[75],"more":[77],"quantifiable":[78],"models,":[81],"such":[82,124,144],"as":[83,125],"event":[84,88],"sequence":[85],"diagrams":[86],"tree":[89],"analysis.":[90],"Liquid-Fueled":[91],"Molten":[92,210],"Salt":[93,211],"Reactors":[94],"(LF-MSRs)":[95],"are":[96,226,238],"example":[98],"advanced":[101,235],"technology":[103],"does":[105],"not":[106,163],"benefit":[107],"from":[108,139],"having":[109],"wealth":[111],"operating":[113,127],"experience":[114],"prior":[116],"risk-informed":[117],"safety":[118],"efforts.":[120],"Furthermore,":[121,228],"details,":[123],"normal":[126],"conditions":[128],"composition":[131],"radioactive":[133,195],"material":[134,196],"inventories,":[135],"deviate":[137],"substantially":[138],"those":[140],"other":[142],"reactors,":[143],"approach":[150],"identifying":[152,232],"PIEs":[153,190,217,233,257],"LF-MSR":[156,206],"may":[157],"highlight":[158],"accident":[159],"initiators":[160],"have":[162],"previously":[164],"been":[165],"identified.":[166],"In":[167],"present":[169],"work,":[170],"Master":[172],"Logic":[173],"Diagram":[174],"(MLD)":[175],"Hazards":[177],"Operability":[179],"(HAZOP)":[180],"study":[181],"approaches":[182],"were":[183],"used,":[184],"together,":[185],"identify":[187],"consider":[189],"multiple":[192],"inventories":[193],"across":[197],"various":[198],"Plant":[199],"Operating":[200],"States":[201],"(POSs)":[202],"specific":[205],"--":[208],"Reactor":[212],"Experiment":[213],"(MSRE).":[214],"Potentially":[215],"risk-significant":[216],"identified":[218],"during":[219],"analyses":[221],"MSRE":[224],"presented.":[227],"considerations":[229],"exhaustively":[231],"designs":[237],"discussed;":[239],"example,":[241],"combination":[243],"inductive":[245],"deductive":[247],"methods":[248],"was":[249],"found":[250],"provide":[252],"robust":[254],"identification":[255],"way":[260],"conducive":[263],"analysis":[266],"nuclear":[269],"stage.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2020-10-08T00:00:00"}
