{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3086749423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186343","title":"An Improved Grey Wolf Optimizer Based on Differential Evolution and OTSU Algorithm","display_name":"An Improved Grey Wolf Optimizer Based on Differential Evolution and OTSU Algorithm","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3086749423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186343","mag":"3086749423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app10186343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186343","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186343","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/18/6343/pdf?version=1600437275","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/18/6343/pdf?version=1600437275","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077856373","display_name":"Yuan Yuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3122-689X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3122-689X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152006","display_name":"Jilin Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dmhhd41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152006"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China","Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152006"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101934462","display_name":"Jiahui Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8283-7557","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8283-7557"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152006","display_name":"Jilin Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dmhhd41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152006"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152006"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103952581","display_name":"Haiye Yu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiye Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027841399","display_name":"Yueyong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5743-7137","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5743-7137"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152006","display_name":"Jilin Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dmhhd41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152006"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yueyong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152006"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102292172","display_name":"Xiaokang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9485-9477","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9485-9477"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152006","display_name":"Jilin Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dmhhd41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152006"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaokang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152006"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027841399"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152006"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1901},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1901},"fwci":1.5025,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84254117,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"18","first_page":"6343","last_page":"6343"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10963","display_name":"Advanced Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2612","display_name":"Numerical Analysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grey-wolf-optimizer","display_name":"grey wolf optimizer","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-evolution","display_name":"differential evolution","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/otsu-algorithm","display_name":"Otsu algorithm","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tsallis-entropy","display_name":"Tsallis entropy","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-metaheuristic-algorithm","display_name":"hybrid metaheuristic","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-optima-avoidance","display_name":"local optima avoidance","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"image segmentation","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cec2005-benchmark-functions","display_name":"CEC2005 benchmark functions","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence-behavior","display_name":"convergence behavior","score":0.7559999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21729346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2444417","display_name":"Otsu's method","level":4,"score":0.7207304239273071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6267309784889221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117521176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7849341","display_name":"Tsallis entropy","level":3,"score":0.5524442195892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4954451322555542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.4464060962200165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4318254292011261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4205361604690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4142847955226898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4118829369544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35419023036956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.2838711440563202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2548522353172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.22822588682174683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1749778687953949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app10186343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186343","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186343","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/18/6343/pdf?version=1600437275","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e5c74729143e485eb13e0d19c4ccf4b4","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e5c74729143e485eb13e0d19c4ccf4b4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 10, Iss 18, p 6343 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app10186343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186343","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186343","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/18/6343/pdf?version=1600437275","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2103992756","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31801753","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322174","display_name":"People's Government of Jilin Province","ror":"https://ror.org/02fzqav45"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326270","display_name":"Education Department of Jilin Province","ror":"https://ror.org/05782e512"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3086749423.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3086749423.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W152696621","https://openalex.org/W1595159159","https://openalex.org/W1614535104","https://openalex.org/W1919373287","https://openalex.org/W1990865729","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1999823089","https://openalex.org/W2018235413","https://openalex.org/W2030378543","https://openalex.org/W2033403400","https://openalex.org/W2049922317","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2082930996","https://openalex.org/W2083970667","https://openalex.org/W2109364787","https://openalex.org/W2121927366","https://openalex.org/W2129070834","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2144921902","https://openalex.org/W2151163134","https://openalex.org/W2332989069","https://openalex.org/W2348452516","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2473655448","https://openalex.org/W2606234828","https://openalex.org/W2606884289","https://openalex.org/W2625818022","https://openalex.org/W2796142347","https://openalex.org/W2802713807","https://openalex.org/W2892295558","https://openalex.org/W2899271120","https://openalex.org/W2952528170","https://openalex.org/W2954693883","https://openalex.org/W2987855243","https://openalex.org/W4250503569"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944431795","https://openalex.org/W4206680344","https://openalex.org/W4399666866","https://openalex.org/W4287881506","https://openalex.org/W4353042391","https://openalex.org/W2802713807","https://openalex.org/W4251017816","https://openalex.org/W2561312665","https://openalex.org/W4416059682","https://openalex.org/W2966754661"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aimed":[0],"at":[1],"solving":[2,162],"the":[3,12,17,29,35,52,63,66,74,78,82,92,95,100,108,116,125,148,153,175,179,183,198,217,220,225,230,233,239,252],"problems":[4],"of":[5,65,120,124,178,185,219],"poor":[6],"stability":[7],"and":[8,34,46,77,98,145,159,196,207,250],"easily":[9],"falling":[10],"into":[11],"local":[13,117],"optimal":[14,118],"solution":[15,119,240],"in":[16,94,161,203,258],"grey":[18],"wolf":[19],"optimizer":[20,143],"(GWO)":[21],"algorithm,":[22,232],"an":[23],"improved":[24],"GWO":[25,53,75,146],"algorithm":[26,33,37,48,58,76,80,85,113,127,155,200,215,222,254],"based":[27],"on":[28],"differential":[30],"evolution":[31],"(DE)":[32],"OTSU":[36,57,90,214],"is":[38,59,71,156,208],"proposed":[39],"(DE-OTSU-GWO).":[40],"The":[41,55,69,111,122,213],"multithreshold":[42,56],"OTSU,":[43],"Tsallis":[44,83,105],"entropy,":[45],"DE":[47,79,112,231],"are":[49],"combined":[50],"with":[51,139,167,192,246],"algorithm.":[54,181],"used":[60],"to":[61,210],"calculate":[62],"fitness":[64,93,109],"initial":[67,96,101],"population.":[68],"population":[70,97],"updated":[72],"using":[73,130],"through":[81],"entropy":[84,106],"for":[86],"crossover":[87],"steps.":[88],"Multithreshold":[89],"calculates":[91,107],"makes":[99],"stage":[102],"basically":[103],"stable.":[104],"quickly.":[110],"can":[114,242],"solve":[115],"GWO.":[121],"performance":[123],"DE-OTSU-GWO":[126,154,180,199,253],"was":[128],"tested":[129],"a":[131,170],"CEC2005":[132],"benchmark":[133],"function":[134],"(23":[135],"test":[136],"functions).":[137],"Compared":[138,245],"existing":[140],"particle":[141],"swarm":[142],"(PSO)":[144],"algorithms,":[147,169],"experimental":[149],"results":[150,184,257],"showed":[151],"that":[152],"more":[157],"stable":[158],"accurate":[160],"functions.":[163],"In":[164,182],"addition,":[165],"compared":[166,191],"other":[168],"convergence":[171],"behavior":[172],"analysis":[173],"proved":[174],"high":[176],"quality":[177],"classical":[186],"agricultural":[187],"image":[188,205],"recognition":[189,206],"problems,":[190],"GWO,":[193,247],"PSO,":[194,249],"DE-GWO,":[195,248],"2D-OTSU-FA,":[197,251],"had":[201],"accuracy":[202,218],"straw":[204],"applicable":[209],"practical":[211],"problems.":[212],"improves":[216],"overall":[221],"while":[223],"increasing":[224],"running":[226],"time.":[227],"After":[228],"adding":[229],"time":[234,241],"complexity":[235],"will":[236],"increase,":[237],"but":[238],"be":[243],"shortened.":[244],"has":[255],"better":[256],"segmentation":[259],"assessment.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2020-09-21T00:00:00"}