{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3086579872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239117","title":"Visual impairment and refractive error in school children in Bhutan: The findings from the Bhutan School Sight Survey (BSSS 2019)","display_name":"Visual impairment and refractive error in school children in Bhutan: The findings from the Bhutan School Sight Survey (BSSS 2019)","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3086579872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239117","mag":"3086579872","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32925975","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7489552"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239117","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043534634","display_name":"Indra Prasad Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8815-794X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8815-794X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Indra Prasad Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gyalyum Kesang Choeden Wangchuck National Eye Center, JDW National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8815-794X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gyalyum Kesang Choeden Wangchuck National Eye Center, JDW National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061979831","display_name":"Nor Tshering Lepcha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8034-3860","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8034-3860"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nor Tshering Lepcha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gyalyum Kesang Choeden Wangchuck National Eye Center, JDW National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gyalyum Kesang Choeden Wangchuck National Eye Center, JDW National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058771768","display_name":"Tshering Lhamo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tshering Lhamo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gyalyum Kesang Choeden Wangchuck National Eye Center, JDW National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gyalyum Kesang Choeden Wangchuck National Eye Center, JDW National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089038919","display_name":"Leon B. Ellwein","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139686","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210139686"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon B. Ellwein","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210139686"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108823725","display_name":"Gopal Prasad Pokharel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gopal Prasad Pokharel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nepal Eye Hospital, Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nepal Eye Hospital, Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018398795","display_name":"Taraprasad Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1295-4528","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1295-4528"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I267131422","display_name":"International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness","ror":"https://ror.org/00xv4ev28","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I267131422"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taraprasad Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Agency for Prevention of Blindness, South East Asia Regional Office, Hyderabad, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1295-4528","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Agency for Prevention of Blindness, South East Asia Regional Office, Hyderabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I267131422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037822179","display_name":"Yuddha Dhoj Sapkota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6050-787X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6050-787X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I267131422","display_name":"International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness","ror":"https://ror.org/00xv4ev28","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I267131422"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuddha Dhoj Sapkota","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Agency for Prevention of Blindness, South East Asia, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Agency for Prevention of Blindness, South East Asia, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I267131422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673264","display_name":"Tandin Dorji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1958-787X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1958-787X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094897","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/00r8ksq80","country_code":"BT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094897"]}],"countries":["BT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tandin Dorji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Healthcare Diagnostic Division, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Healthcare Diagnostic Division, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094897"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080467294","display_name":"Sonam Peldon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094897","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/00r8ksq80","country_code":"BT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094897"]}],"countries":["BT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonam Peldon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Healthcare Diagnostic Division, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Healthcare Diagnostic Division, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094897"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043534634"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1695,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1695},"apc_paid":{"value":1695,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1695},"fwci":3.5928,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94000058,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"9","first_page":"e0239117","last_page":"e0239117"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13091","display_name":"Human Health and Disease","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-impairment","display_name":"visual impairment","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-error","display_name":"refractive error","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elementary-school-students","display_name":"elementary school students","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myopia","display_name":"myopia","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperopia","display_name":"hyperopia","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astigmatism","display_name":"astigmatism","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncorrected-refractive-error","display_name":"uncorrected refractive error","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eyeglasses","display_name":"spectacle","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-acuity","display_name":"visual acuity","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bhutan","display_name":"Bhutan","score":0.9520000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781135284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470427","display_name":"Refractive error","level":3,"score":0.7215897440910339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1517167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134322","display_name":"Sight","level":2,"score":0.6651300191879272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.5888339281082153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781372952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visual impairment","level":2,"score":0.5585795640945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4103861153125763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.39360737800598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.3926253914833069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.2884913682937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778257484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555066","display_name":"Visual acuity","level":2,"score":0.2248205840587616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22380787134170532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.15313708782196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.1271035075187683}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001631","descriptor_name":"Bhutan","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008403","descriptor_name":"Mass Screening","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012030","descriptor_name":"Refractive Errors","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012030","descriptor_name":"Refractive Errors","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012574","descriptor_name":"Schools","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014787","descriptor_name":"Vision Tests","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015354","descriptor_name":"Vision, Low","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015354","descriptor_name":"Vision, Low","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7489552","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7489552/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7489552/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:32925975","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32925975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:32fd2857b9fd4eeab40d94e516f65351","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/32fd2857b9fd4eeab40d94e516f65351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 15, Iss 9, p e0239117 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4978a5b07ca240c2a1fa3e1188298c36","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4978a5b07ca240c2a1fa3e1188298c36","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 15, Iss 9 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/2x6gj-vmn95","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60692/2x6gj-vmn95","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/2x6gj-vmn95","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/3x555-8ab97","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60692/3x555-8ab97","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/3x555-8ab97","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.98580002784729},{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4156000018119812}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3326609896","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFP 2053/UND","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312649","funder_display_name":"Lions Clubs International Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312649","display_name":"Lions Clubs International Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00tbf0607"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312740","display_name":"International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness","ror":"https://ror.org/00xv4ev28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328277","display_name":"Royal Government of Bhutan","ror":"https://ror.org/03mv2rd02"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3086579872.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3086579872.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494644789","https://openalex.org/W1547566977","https://openalex.org/W1999320525","https://openalex.org/W2000432479","https://openalex.org/W2025718163","https://openalex.org/W2034644592","https://openalex.org/W2036280802","https://openalex.org/W2051779902","https://openalex.org/W2055179250","https://openalex.org/W2059785077","https://openalex.org/W2069024219","https://openalex.org/W2076850200","https://openalex.org/W2077546401","https://openalex.org/W2084713713","https://openalex.org/W2084969988","https://openalex.org/W2110868100","https://openalex.org/W2147733140","https://openalex.org/W2171501554","https://openalex.org/W2195540269","https://openalex.org/W2263495255","https://openalex.org/W2416611492","https://openalex.org/W2592774827","https://openalex.org/W2741346289","https://openalex.org/W2750147234","https://openalex.org/W2793388861"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7130089058","https://openalex.org/W6960260137","https://openalex.org/W4410589527","https://openalex.org/W165516824","https://openalex.org/W1481969135","https://openalex.org/W2263294451","https://openalex.org/W4416071139","https://openalex.org/W7222201591","https://openalex.org/W2084969988","https://openalex.org/W7222308960"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"To":[1],"estimate":[2],"the":[3,61,130,142],"nationwide":[4],"prevalence":[5,120,166,194,220],"of":[6,21,28,48,53,60,70,96,113,121,146,151,167,195,221,232,259],"visual":[7,49,126,260],"impairment":[8,71,127],"and":[9,65,87,124,136,149,174,188,202,212],"associated":[10,176,205],"refractive":[11,89,234],"error":[12,140,235],"in":[13,16,32,105,129,244],"school":[14,247],"children":[15,116,152,243],"Bhutan.":[17,43,245],"METHODS:":[18],"The":[19,44,67,80,119,165,193,218],"sample":[20],"this":[22,255],"prospective":[23],"cross-sectional":[24],"national":[25],"survey":[26],"comprised":[27],"randomly":[29,109],"selected":[30],"classes":[31,104],"levels":[33],"IV-IX":[34],"(age":[35],"10":[36],"to":[37,253],"15":[38],"years)":[39],"from":[40,100],"schools":[41,107],"throughout":[42],"examination":[45,59],"included":[46],"measurement":[47],"acuity":[50],"(VA),":[51],"evaluation":[52],"ocular":[54],"motility,":[55],"refraction":[56],"under":[57],"cycloplegia,":[58],"external":[62],"eye,":[63],"media":[64],"fundus.":[66],"principal":[68,143],"cause":[69,144,258],"was":[72,133,141,172,175,200,203,226],"determined":[73],"for":[74],"eyes":[75],"with":[76,158,177,206],"uncorrected":[77,233],"VA":[78,86,156],"\u22646/12.":[79],"main":[81],"outcome":[82],"measures":[83],"were":[84,108,117,161],"distance":[85],"cycloplegic":[88],"error.":[90],"RESULTS:":[91],"With":[92],"a":[93,237],"sampling":[94],"frame":[95],"1967":[97],"class-based":[98],"clusters":[99],"190":[101],"schools,":[102],"160":[103],"103":[106],"selected;":[110],"4985":[111],"(98.5%)":[112],"5060":[114],"enumerated":[115],"examined.":[118],"uncorrected,":[122],"presenting,":[123],"best-corrected":[125],"(VA\u22646/12)":[128],"better":[131],"eye":[132,248],"14.5%,":[134],"12.8%,":[135],"0.34%,":[137],"respectively.":[138],"Refractive":[139],"(94.2%)":[145],"impaired":[147],"vision":[148,230],"88%":[150],"who":[153],"could":[154],"achieve":[155],"\u22656/9":[157],"best":[159],"correction":[160],"without":[162],"necessary":[163],"spectacles.":[164],"myopia":[168],"(\u2264":[169],"-0.5":[170],"D)":[171,199,225],"6.64%":[173],"female":[178,213],"gender":[179,214],"(P":[180,185,209,215],"=":[181,186,210,216],"0.004),":[182],"urban":[183],"schooling":[184],"0.002),":[187],"greater":[189],"parental":[190],"education":[191],"(P<0.001).":[192],"hyperopia":[196],"(\u2265":[197,223],"+2.0":[198],"2.17%":[201],"significantly":[204],"lower":[207],"class-level":[208],"0.033),":[211],"0.025).":[217],"overall":[219],"astigmatism":[222],"0.75":[224],"9.75%.":[227],"CONCLUSIONS:":[228],"Reduced":[229],"because":[231],"is":[236],"public":[238],"health":[239,249],"problem":[240],"among":[241],"school-age":[242],"Effective":[246],"strategies":[250],"are":[251],"needed":[252],"eliminate":[254],"easily":[256],"treatable":[257],"impairment.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2020-09-21T00:00:00"}
