{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3086067533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2006.07845","title":"Towards Gender-Neutral Face Descriptors for Mitigating Bias in Face Recognition","display_name":"Towards Gender-Neutral Face Descriptors for Mitigating Bias in Face Recognition","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3086067533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2006.07845","mag":"3086067533"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2006.07845","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07845","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.07845","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.07845","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067560764","display_name":"Prithviraj Dhar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhar, Prithviraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Equal contribution","Johns Hopkins University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equal contribution","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058194061","display_name":"Joshua Gleason","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gleason, Joshua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Equal contribution","University of Maryland , College Park"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equal contribution","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland , College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046545544","display_name":"Hossein Souri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5264-798X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5264-798X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Souri, Hossein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101861410","display_name":"Carlos D. Castillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-4824","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-4824"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Castillo, Carlos D.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102762707","display_name":"Rama Chellappa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7638-1650","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7638-1650"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chellappa, Rama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-leakage","display_name":"privacy leakage","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-verification","display_name":"face verification","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"deep convolutional neural networks","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agenda","display_name":"agenda","score":0.890999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6910958290100098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5270455479621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39829719066619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39051353931427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3660287857055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.33362871408462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2804138958454132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.18906155228614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.06593945622444153}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2006.07845","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07845","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.07845","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.07845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2006.07845","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2006.07845","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2006.07845","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07845","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.07845","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6025999784469604,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1216103460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019\u2013022600002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333051","funder_display_name":"Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2152962189","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019-022600002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312530","funder_display_name":"Office of the Director of National Intelligence"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312530","display_name":"Office of the Director of National Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01v3fsc55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333051","display_name":"Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity","ror":"https://ror.org/01v3fsc55"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3086067533.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3086067533.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1139204857","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1978642336","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2105026179","https://openalex.org/W2139776396","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2158617780","https://openalex.org/W2161775025","https://openalex.org/W2336258321","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2548780814","https://openalex.org/W2554757535","https://openalex.org/W2620308114","https://openalex.org/W2624413595","https://openalex.org/W2784874046","https://openalex.org/W2785486371","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2871667416","https://openalex.org/W2884985453","https://openalex.org/W2886610278","https://openalex.org/W2890129614","https://openalex.org/W2890680318","https://openalex.org/W2900326146","https://openalex.org/W2957285709","https://openalex.org/W2969069666","https://openalex.org/W2972933328","https://openalex.org/W2982232682","https://openalex.org/W2990751682","https://openalex.org/W2995383516","https://openalex.org/W3004382430","https://openalex.org/W3009247505","https://openalex.org/W3010093963","https://openalex.org/W3024292796","https://openalex.org/W3049767461","https://openalex.org/W3104123947"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3034861261","https://openalex.org/W3210417874","https://openalex.org/W4307415855","https://openalex.org/W4295367604","https://openalex.org/W4226548117","https://openalex.org/W3110107320","https://openalex.org/W4214915693","https://openalex.org/W3109638545","https://openalex.org/W2971856281","https://openalex.org/W3097003645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"State-of-the-art":[0],"deep":[1],"networks":[2],"implicitly":[3],"encode":[4],"gender":[5,31,60,70,105,124,136],"information":[6,32,106],"while":[7,141],"being":[8],"trained":[9,55,114],"for":[10],"face":[11,34,59,73,109,115,127,139],"recognition.":[12],"Gender":[13,98],"is":[14],"often":[15],"viewed":[16],"as":[17],"an":[18],"important":[19],"attribute":[20],"with":[21],"respect":[22],"to":[23,46,56,67,69,102,134],"identifying":[24],"faces.":[25,91],"However,":[26],"the":[27,43,58,82,104],"implicit":[28],"encoding":[29],"of":[30,85,126],"in":[33,72,81,108,138],"descriptors":[35,44,110],"has":[36],"two":[37],"major":[38],"issues:":[39],"(a.)":[40],"It":[41,65],"makes":[42],"susceptible":[45],"privacy":[47],"leakage,":[48],"i.e.":[49,75],"a":[50,78,95],"malicious":[51],"agent":[52],"can":[53],"be":[54],"predict":[57],"from":[61,112],"such":[62],"descriptors.":[63,128],"(b.)":[64],"appears":[66],"contribute":[68],"bias":[71,137],"recognition,":[74],"we":[76,93,130],"find":[77],"significant":[79],"difference":[80],"recognition":[83,116,144],"accuracy":[84],"DCNNs":[86],"on":[87],"male":[88],"and":[89],"female":[90],"Therefore,":[92],"present":[94,107],"novel":[96],"`Adversarial":[97],"De-biasing":[99],"algorithm":[100],"(AGENDA)'":[101],"reduce":[103,135],"obtained":[111],"previously":[113],"networks.":[117],"We":[118],"show":[119],"that":[120],"AGENDA":[121],"significantly":[122],"reduces":[123],"predictability":[125],"Consequently,":[129],"are":[131],"also":[132],"able":[133],"verification":[140],"maintaining":[142],"reasonable":[143],"performance.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2020-09-21T00:00:00"}
