{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3084809245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-4851-zb84","title":"Effect modification by socioeconomic conditions on the effects of prescription opioid supply on drug poisoning deaths in the United States","display_name":"Effect modification by socioeconomic conditions on the effects of prescription opioid supply on drug poisoning deaths in the United States","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3084809245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-4851-zb84","mag":"3084809245"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:3084809245","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/d8-4851-zb84","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-4851-zb84","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030024451","display_name":"David S. Fink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1531-1525","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1531-1525"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fink, David S.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030024451"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14588484,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-poisoning-deaths","display_name":"drug poisoning deaths","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socio-economic-conditions","display_name":"socioeconomic conditions","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effect-modification","display_name":"effect modification","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-crisis","display_name":"opioid epidemic","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deaths-of-despair","display_name":"deaths of despair","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-prescribing","display_name":"opioid prescribing","score":0.5189999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.7326357364654541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.6329397559165955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778858636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643563","display_name":"Prescription drug","level":3,"score":0.612999677658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2426938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355478","display_name":"Medical prescription","level":2,"score":0.5961824655532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781063702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427523","display_name":"Opioid","level":3,"score":0.4487610161304474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.43176528811454773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.41440120339393616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4080972969532013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.32315438985824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.2394799292087555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.190675288438797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.17057424783706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"mag:3084809245","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/d8-4851-zb84","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.7916/d8-4851-zb84","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-4851-zb84","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-4851-zb84","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7916/d8-4851-zb84","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-4851-zb84","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-4851-zb84","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8048999905586243,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.4074000120162964,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603903339","https://openalex.org/W1981457167","https://openalex.org/W2020187606","https://openalex.org/W2045764274","https://openalex.org/W2048292736","https://openalex.org/W2109147683","https://openalex.org/W2113503268","https://openalex.org/W2125231454","https://openalex.org/W2139003935","https://openalex.org/W2142180129","https://openalex.org/W2151503767","https://openalex.org/W2165936664","https://openalex.org/W2281805729","https://openalex.org/W2345595158","https://openalex.org/W2508767114","https://openalex.org/W2566089772","https://openalex.org/W2593775298","https://openalex.org/W2791788181","https://openalex.org/W2800278321","https://openalex.org/W2811130385","https://openalex.org/W2906511616","https://openalex.org/W2906645503","https://openalex.org/W2908059055","https://openalex.org/W2909881458","https://openalex.org/W2931372420","https://openalex.org/W2980963477"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313575305","https://openalex.org/W3042967466","https://openalex.org/W2985146250","https://openalex.org/W2906645503","https://openalex.org/W2995249914","https://openalex.org/W4391806324","https://openalex.org/W3086748663","https://openalex.org/W3024602475","https://openalex.org/W2955893567","https://openalex.org/W2906511616"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,226,291,315,801,1043],"rise":[1,23],"in":[2,24,34,40,45,83,105,133,257,317,365,410,471,485,494,509,580,586,695,740,751,797,921,996,1032,1040,1072,1138],"America\u2019s":[3],"drug":[4,67,118,134,141,188,202,224,255,288,312,348,363,384,427,565,605,609,643,690,698,725,769,836,840,876,895,917,937,956,977,992,1038,1055,1068,1100,1154,1174],"poisoning":[5,68,203,256,289,313,385,428,606,644,726,837,877,896,938,957,978,1175],"rates":[6,65,185,221,286,310,345,360,687,878,893,914,989,1151],"has":[7,16,208,1070,1085],"been":[8,18,1071],"described":[9],"as":[10,127,246],"a":[11,58,97,144,261,431,533,679,755,861,1078,1178],"public":[12],"health":[13],"crisis":[14,1176],"and":[15,43,73,90,117,124,136,168,205,237,242,250,282,306,328,341,387,447,475,488,519,529,538,552,563,625,632,660,672,686,703,733,775,821,856,871,898,902,924,940,947,966,1001,1011,1024,1029,1058,1060,1066,1143,1177],"long":[17],"attributed":[19],"to":[20,28,147,182,218,233,269,430,456,546,592,722,866,880,975,1083,1127,1147],"the":[21,35,41,49,52,63,84,115,151,159,164,184,194,235,258,265,272,275,298,318,321,337,368,388,411,418,452,457,466,473,486,495,506,542,547,556,594,713,716,719,748,752,759,772,786,804,872,881,886,928,941,960,981,1022,1033,1041,1061,1073,1092,1110,1134,1149,1172],"rapid":[22],"opioid":[25,156,216,248,280,304,326,354,397,527,561,599,613,618,664,684,707,779,844,849,907,973,986,1048,1096,1114,1136],"supply":[26,157,217,249,281,305,327,355,382,398,528,551,562,600,665,685,780,908,974,987,1049,1097,1115,1137],"due":[27,879],"increased":[29,1019],"volumes":[30],"of":[31,51,54,66,75,107,114,129,154,186,196,222,229,240,264,278,287,297,301,311,324,346,361,367,381,395,433,454,459,468,521,535,544,550,596,604,642,654,662,667,688,697,701,705,718,747,758,767,806,835,874,884,889,894,915,983,990,1027,1036,1053,1094,1108,1112,1132,1152,1181],"medical":[32],"prescribing":[33],"United":[36,160],"States":[37],"that":[38,166,176,414,738,761,913,963,1045,1087,1159],"began":[39],"mid-1990s":[42],"peaked":[44],"2012.":[46],"In":[47],"2016,":[48],"introduction":[50],"\u201cdeaths":[53,106],"despair\u201d":[55,108],"hypothesis":[56,760],"provided":[57],"more":[59,922,1002],"nuanced":[60],"explanation":[61],"for":[62,94,630,724,742,868,1075,1125,1168,1184],"rising":[64,1150],"deaths:":[69,607,838],"increasing":[70],"income":[71,819,948,967,1004,1014],"inequality":[72,949,968],"stagnation":[74],"middle-class":[76],"worker":[77],"wages,":[78],"driven":[79],"by":[80,640],"long-term":[81],"shifts":[82],"labor":[85],"market,":[86],"reduced":[87],"employment":[88],"opportunities":[89],"overall":[91],"life":[92],"prospects":[93],"persons":[95,671],"with":[96,179,214,333,358,375,392,401,777,905,936,954,970,998,1008],"high":[98],"school":[99],"degree":[100],"or":[101],"less,":[102],"driving":[103],"increases":[104],"(i.e.,":[109],"deaths":[110,386,429,727,897],"from":[111,576,712,728,793],"suicide,":[112],"cirrhosis":[113],"liver,":[116],"poisonings).":[119],"This":[120,497,783],"focus":[121],"on":[122,200,253,274,285,309,320,344,383,426,601,832,892,988,1098,1117],"economic":[123,167],"social":[125,169],"conditions":[126,170,199,212,284,308,330,531,764,891,1090,1162],"capable":[128,1107],"shaping":[130],"geospatial":[131,1034],"differences":[132,634,739],"demand":[135],"attendant":[137,1062],"drug-related":[138,403,1188],"harms":[139],"(e.g.,":[140],"poisonings)":[142],"provides":[143,294],"larger":[145],"context":[146],"factors":[148,175,181,343,1031,1106],"potentially":[149,516],"underlying":[150],"heterogeneous":[152],"distribution":[153,1035],"prescription":[155,215,247,279,303,325,353,396,526,560,598,617,649,663,683,706,778,848,906,972,985,1047,1054,1095,1113,1135],"across":[158,635,693],"States.":[161],"However,":[162,709,1080],"despite":[163],"likelihood":[165],"may":[171,1163],"be":[172,1123],"important":[173,499,1104,1166],"demand-side":[174,243,342,1030],"also":[177,408],"interact":[178,213,776,969],"supply-side":[180],"produce":[183],"fatal":[187,201,223,254,347,362,564,689,768,875,916,955,991,1037,1067,1099,1153],"poisonings,":[189,1069,1155],"little":[190],"information":[191,1182],"exists":[192],"about":[193,1021],"effect":[195,300,380,595,720,805,888,904,982,1093,1111],"area-level":[197,220,1046,1088,1160],"socioeconomic":[198,211,251,283,307,329,530,553,763,809,814,890,1089,1161],"rates,":[204],"no":[206,334,379,449,539,1081],"study":[207,335,377,450,540,1082],"investigated":[209,451],"whether":[210],"affect":[219,976],"poisonings.":[225,349,1101],"overarching":[227],"goal":[228],"this":[230,1017],"dissertation":[231,1018],"was":[232,267,331,356,567,781,994],"test":[234,757],"independent":[236,299,887],"joint":[238,322,900],"effects":[239,323,1131],"supply-":[241,340,1028],"factors,":[244],"operationalized":[245,525],"conditions,":[252],"U.S.":[259,578,795,1042],"First,":[260,421],"systematic":[262,292],"review":[263,293],"literature":[266,319,1074],"conducted":[268],"critically":[270],"evaluate":[271],"evidence":[273,296],"ecological":[276,557],"relationship":[277,558],"deaths.":[290,314,404],"robust":[295],"each":[302],"gap":[316],"clear,":[332],"examining":[336],"interaction":[338],"between":[339,559,682],"Moreover,":[350],"although":[351,422],"greater":[352,995],"associated":[357,400,935,953],"higher":[359,393,920,984,999],"poisonings":[364,566,691,770,918,993,1039],"most":[366,746,951],"studies,":[369],"two":[370,822],"studies":[371,413,423,480,524],"presented":[372],"contradictory":[373],"findings,":[374],"one":[376],"showing":[378,390],"other":[389],"locations":[391],"levels":[394],"were":[399,407,584,638,909,919,933,950],"fewer":[402,489],"Three":[405],"limitations":[406],"identified":[409],"reviewed":[412],"could":[415,744],"partially":[416],"explain":[417,745],"observed":[419],"associations.":[420],"aggregated":[424],"data":[425,575,792],"range":[432],"administrative":[434],"spatial":[435,463,469,483,492,502,869],"levels,":[436],"including":[437,811,1064],"census":[438],"tract,":[439],"5-digit":[440],"ZIP":[441,445],"code,":[442,446],"county,":[443],"3-digit":[444],"state,":[448],"sensitivity":[453,543],"findings":[455,545,750,1157],"level":[458,653,700],"geographic":[460,655,1120],"aggregation.":[461],"Second,":[462,555],"modeling":[464,864],"requires":[465],"assessment":[467],"autocorrelation":[470,484,503],"both":[472,964],"unadjusted":[474],"adjusted":[476],"data,":[477,487],"but":[478,619,850],"few":[479],"even":[481],"assessed":[482,541],"still":[490],"incorporated":[491],"dependencies":[493],"model.":[496],"is":[498,504,514],"because":[500],"when":[501],"present,":[505],"independence":[507],"assumption":[508],"standard":[510],"statistical":[511],"regression":[512],"models":[513,591],"violated,":[515],"causing":[517],"bias":[518],"loss":[520],"efficiency.":[522],"Third,":[523],"using":[532],"variety":[534],"different":[536,548],"measures,":[537],"measures":[549],"conditions.":[554],"examined.":[568],"For":[569],"this,":[570],"pooled":[571,788],"cross-sectional":[572,789],"time":[573,790],"series":[574,791],"3,109":[577,794],"counties":[579,796,997,1007],"49":[581,798],"states":[582,799],"(2006-2016)":[583],"used":[585,785],"Bayesian":[587,863],"Poisson":[588],"conditional":[589],"autoregressive":[590],"estimate":[593,721],"county":[597,773],"four":[602,833],"types":[603,834],"any":[608,612,616,647,729,731,839,843,847,1129,1186],"(drug-related":[610,841],"death),":[611,615,624,628,842,846,855],"(opioid-related":[614,845],"not":[620,851],"heroin":[621,626,852,857],"(prescription":[622,853],"opioid-related":[623,854],"(heroin-related":[627,858],"adjusting":[629],"compositional":[631],"contextual":[633,1105],"counties.":[636],"Comparisons":[637],"made":[639],"type":[641,696],"(any":[645],"drug,":[646,730],"opioid,":[648,732],"opioids":[650],"only,":[651],"heroin),":[652],"aggregation":[656],"(county":[657],"versus":[658],"state),":[659],"measure":[661,704],"(rate":[666],"opioid-prescribing":[668],"per":[669],"100":[670],"morphine":[673],"milligram":[674],"equivalents":[675],"per-capita).":[676],"Results":[677,911],"indicated":[678],"positive":[680],"association":[681],"consistent":[692],"changes":[694],"poisoning,":[699],"aggregation,":[702],"supply.":[708],"removing":[710],"confounders":[711],"model":[714],"caused":[715],"direction":[717],"reverse":[723],"heroin.":[734],"These":[735],"results":[736,961],"suggested":[737],"adjustment":[741],"confounding":[743],"inconsistent":[749],"literature.":[753],"Finally,":[754,959],"rigorous":[756],"worse":[762],"increase":[765],"risk":[766],"at":[771],"level,":[774],"conducted.":[782],"analysis":[784,802],"same":[787],"(2006-2016).":[800],"modeled":[803],"five":[807,929],"key":[808,930,1051],"variables,":[810],"three":[812],"single":[813],"variables":[815,824,932],"(unemployment,":[816],"poverty":[817],"rate,":[818],"inequality)":[820],"index":[823],"(Rey":[825],"index,":[826],"American":[827,942],"Human":[828,943],"Development":[829,944],"Index":[830,945],"[HDI])":[831],"death).":[859],"Using":[860],"hierarchical":[862],"approach":[865],"account":[867],"dependence":[870],"variability":[873],"small":[882],"number":[883],"events,":[885],"their":[899],"multiplicative":[901],"additive":[903],"estimated.":[910],"showed":[912],"economically":[923],"socially":[925],"disadvantaged":[926],"counties;":[927],"indicator":[931],"differentially":[934],"rates;":[939],"(HDI)":[946],"strongly":[952],"rates.":[958,979],"indicate":[962],"HDI":[965,1000,1010],"county-level":[971],"Specifically,":[980],"equal":[1003,1013],"distributions":[1005],"than":[1006],"lower":[1009],"less":[1012],"distributions.":[1015],"Overall,":[1016],"knowledge":[1020],"separate":[1023],"conjoint":[1025],"roles":[1026],"idea":[1044],"are":[1050],"drivers":[1052],"use,":[1056],"misuse,":[1057],"addiction":[1059],"consequences,":[1063],"nonfatal":[1065],"well":[1076],"over":[1077],"decade.":[1079],"date":[1084],"shown":[1086],"modify":[1091],"By":[1102],"identifying":[1103],"modifying":[1109],"reductions":[1116],"mortality,":[1118],"high-risk":[1119],"areas":[1121],"can":[1122],"prioritized":[1124],"interventions":[1126],"counter":[1128],"unintended":[1130],"reducing":[1133],"an":[1139,1165],"area.":[1140],"As":[1141],"federal":[1142],"state":[1144],"policies":[1145],"continue":[1146],"target":[1148,1167],"these":[1156],"show":[1158],"represent":[1164],"policy":[1169],"intervention":[1170],"during":[1171],"current":[1173],"critical":[1179],"piece":[1180],"necessary":[1183],"predicting":[1185],"future":[1187],"crises.":[1189]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2020-09-21T00:00:00"}