{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3084119087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z","title":"Unsupervised approach towards analysing the public transport bunching swings formation phenomenon","display_name":"Unsupervised approach towards analysing the public transport bunching swings formation phenomenon","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3084119087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z","mag":"3084119087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33948620","display_name":"Public Transport","issn_l":"1613-7159","issn":["1613-7159","1866-749X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Transport","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030949796","display_name":"Viktoriya Degeler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7054-3770","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7054-3770"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Viktoriya Degeler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7054-3770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059614331","display_name":"L\u00e9onie Heydenrijk-Ottens","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L\u00e9onie Heydenrijk-Ottens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013446399","display_name":"Ding Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-0926","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-0926"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046118984","display_name":"Niels van Oort","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4519-2013","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4519-2013"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niels van Oort","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079555394","display_name":"Hans van Lint","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1493-6750","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1493-6750"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans van Lint","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030949796"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"apc_list":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"apc_paid":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"fwci":1.5614,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84539516,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"533","last_page":"555"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.011300000362098217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.004999999888241291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-clustering","display_name":"unsupervised clustering","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passenger-load","display_name":"passenger load","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tram-operation","display_name":"tram operation","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-location-data","display_name":"vehicle location data","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-fare-collection-data","display_name":"automated fare collection data","score":0.847000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6993159651756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.595465898513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4818093180656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.4701564311981201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.4311102628707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37694135308265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3385692238807678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.2224304974079132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1548975110054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33948620","display_name":"Public Transport","issn_l":"1613-7159","issn":["1613-7159","1866-749X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Transport","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:pubtra:v:13:y:2021:i:3:d:10.1007_s12469-020-00251-z","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire/9bfa283f-8656-40b8-b9f0-a3ac633f2ed4","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/files/199268644/Degeler2021_Article_UnsupervisedApproachTowardsAna_1_.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Degeler, V, Heydenrijk-ottens, L, Luo, D, Van Oort, N & Van Lint, H 2021, 'Unsupervised approach towards analysing the public transport bunching swings formation phenomenon', Public Transport, vol. 13, pp. 533\u2013555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:f37a9f83-34a8-4571-b410-b727c23a411a","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f37a9f83-34a8-4571-b410-b727c23a411a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:rug:oai:pure.rug.nl:publications/9bfa283f-8656-40b8-b9f0-a3ac633f2ed4","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/9bfa283f-8656-40b8-b9f0-a3ac633f2ed4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Public Transport, 13","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:tud:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:f37a9f83-34a8-4571-b410-b727c23a411a","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f37a9f83-34a8-4571-b410-b727c23a411a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Public Transport, 13 (2021)(3)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12469-020-00251-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33948620","display_name":"Public Transport","issn_l":"1613-7159","issn":["1613-7159","1866-749X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Transport","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.9333000183105469,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5150921310","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"777640","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3084119087.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3084119087.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151025691","https://openalex.org/W238366469","https://openalex.org/W1908150981","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W1999918991","https://openalex.org/W2011628330","https://openalex.org/W2021390443","https://openalex.org/W2034628819","https://openalex.org/W2044985623","https://openalex.org/W2071277963","https://openalex.org/W2080702725","https://openalex.org/W2089577733","https://openalex.org/W2125990328","https://openalex.org/W2160099504","https://openalex.org/W2175516820","https://openalex.org/W2254213553","https://openalex.org/W2472567412","https://openalex.org/W2527649204","https://openalex.org/W2613513641","https://openalex.org/W2729922683","https://openalex.org/W2790301888","https://openalex.org/W2803595568","https://openalex.org/W2883066694","https://openalex.org/W4232914942"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2921824489","https://openalex.org/W7027748448","https://openalex.org/W3004997974","https://openalex.org/W3033138015","https://openalex.org/W2472567412","https://openalex.org/W7096611566","https://openalex.org/W7014677725","https://openalex.org/W2780466988","https://openalex.org/W4313353730","https://openalex.org/W1557616572"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,29,51,71,97,132],"perform":[2],"an":[3],"analysis":[4],"of":[5,33,86,89,106,116,128],"public":[6],"transport":[7],"data":[8],"from":[9,15],"The":[10,107],"Hague,":[11,108],"the":[12,31,54,73,102],"Netherlands,":[13],"combined":[14],"three":[16],"sources:":[17],"static":[18],"network":[19],"information,":[20],"automatic":[21],"vehicles":[22],"location":[23],"and":[24,36,59,62,69,82,109,111],"automated":[25],"fare":[26],"collection":[27],"data.":[28],"highlight":[30],"effect":[32],"bunching":[34,57,63,78,135],"swings,":[35],"show":[37,53,83],"that":[38],"this":[39],"phenomenon":[40],"can":[41,91],"be":[42],"extracted":[43],"using":[44],"unsupervised":[45],"machine":[46],"learning":[47],"techniques,":[48],"namely":[49],"clustering.":[50],"also":[52],"correlation":[55],"between":[56],"rate":[58],"passenger":[60,122],"load,":[61],"probability":[64],"patterns":[65,115],"for":[66,75,93],"working":[67],"days":[68],"weekends.":[70],"present":[72],"approach":[74,100],"extracting":[76],"isolated":[77],"swings":[79,136],"formations":[80],"(BSF)":[81],"different":[84,114],"cases":[85],"BSFs,":[87,117],"some":[88],"which":[90,118],"persist":[92],"a":[94],"considerable":[95],"time.":[96],"applied":[98],"our":[99],"to":[101],"tram":[103],"line":[104],"1":[105],"computed":[110],"presented":[112],"four":[113],"we":[119],"name":[120],"\u201chigh":[121],"load\u201d,":[123],"\u201cwhole":[124],"route\u201d,":[125,129],"\u201cevening,":[126],"end":[127],"\u201clong":[130],"duration\u201d.":[131],"analyse":[133],"each":[134],"formation":[137],"type":[138],"in":[139],"detail.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-11T09:22:31.653822","created_date":"2020-09-14T00:00:00"}
