{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3083684510","doi":null,"title":"Development of a Multi-Dimensional Scale for Implementing Positioning in Public Park and Recreation Agencies","display_name":"Development of a Multi-Dimensional Scale for Implementing Positioning in Public Park and Recreation Agencies","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3083684510","mag":"3083684510"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:3083684510","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://js.sagamorepub.com/jpra/article/view/1471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764507170","display_name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","issn_l":"0735-1968","issn":["0735-1968","2160-6862"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4365328847","host_organization_name":"Sagamore-Venture Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4365328847"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sagamore-Venture Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040578884","display_name":"Andrew T. Kaczynski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8724-8241","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8724-8241"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew T. Kaczynski","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8724-8241","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111918810","display_name":"John L. Crompton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John L. Crompton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9632,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95378118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11793","display_name":"Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management","score":0.49559998512268066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11793","display_name":"Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management","score":0.49559998512268066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10213","display_name":"Public Policy and Administration Research","score":0.391400009393692,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10055","display_name":"Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research","score":0.021199999377131462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-positioning","display_name":"organizational positioning","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder-perspectives","display_name":"stakeholder perspectives","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sector-marketing","display_name":"public sector marketing","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-development","display_name":"scale development","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-validity","display_name":"content validity","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-image","display_name":"corporate image","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recreational-facilities","display_name":"recreational facilities","score":0.4860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110269972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184872","display_name":"Recreation","level":2,"score":0.8439950942993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127576917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624630","display_name":"Competitor analysis","level":2,"score":0.733099102973938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.6017887592315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.586542010307312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5112268924713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5029866099357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18918823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389","display_name":"Tourism","level":2,"score":0.43290841579437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.41042324900627136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.19883877038955688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.19538438320159912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:3083684510","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://js.sagamorepub.com/jpra/article/view/1471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764507170","display_name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","issn_l":"0735-1968","issn":["0735-1968","2160-6862"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4365328847","host_organization_name":"Sagamore-Venture Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4365328847"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sagamore-Venture Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W990166","https://openalex.org/W17931327","https://openalex.org/W94505722","https://openalex.org/W116122748","https://openalex.org/W159128471","https://openalex.org/W172813548","https://openalex.org/W233680923","https://openalex.org/W318755391","https://openalex.org/W573179921","https://openalex.org/W587196072","https://openalex.org/W608461685","https://openalex.org/W752195770","https://openalex.org/W774334237","https://openalex.org/W1485866922","https://openalex.org/W1490827265","https://openalex.org/W1497502958","https://openalex.org/W1525681882","https://openalex.org/W1553885025","https://openalex.org/W1570640121","https://openalex.org/W1602112707","https://openalex.org/W1689771227","https://openalex.org/W1788427783","https://openalex.org/W1820783032","https://openalex.org/W1835658273","https://openalex.org/W1968616227","https://openalex.org/W1969032693","https://openalex.org/W1973899060","https://openalex.org/W1980332117","https://openalex.org/W1984584840","https://openalex.org/W1987390889","https://openalex.org/W1991623719","https://openalex.org/W2000053027","https://openalex.org/W2003043915","https://openalex.org/W2003673675","https://openalex.org/W2006468167","https://openalex.org/W2012831189","https://openalex.org/W2016568520","https://openalex.org/W2019636887","https://openalex.org/W2021811311","https://openalex.org/W2029125978","https://openalex.org/W2031580589","https://openalex.org/W2041204394","https://openalex.org/W2053515245","https://openalex.org/W2060715347","https://openalex.org/W2062228572","https://openalex.org/W2065366143","https://openalex.org/W2068864711","https://openalex.org/W2069766841","https://openalex.org/W2073438612","https://openalex.org/W2083942221","https://openalex.org/W2084983811","https://openalex.org/W2095344319","https://openalex.org/W2099342631","https://openalex.org/W2099545491","https://openalex.org/W2100374147","https://openalex.org/W2107750634","https://openalex.org/W2113846289","https://openalex.org/W2117012826","https://openalex.org/W2132013677","https://openalex.org/W2135119897","https://openalex.org/W2139372127","https://openalex.org/W2145219449","https://openalex.org/W2149571968","https://openalex.org/W2159306398","https://openalex.org/W2161140489","https://openalex.org/W2168295851","https://openalex.org/W2178774936","https://openalex.org/W2183154679","https://openalex.org/W2318665975","https://openalex.org/W2325719174","https://openalex.org/W2334626268","https://openalex.org/W2803909919","https://openalex.org/W2911125293","https://openalex.org/W2923767098","https://openalex.org/W2950270134","https://openalex.org/W2970972323","https://openalex.org/W2971559320","https://openalex.org/W2994185010","https://openalex.org/W3113351370","https://openalex.org/W3128209044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W159128471","https://openalex.org/W2303145787","https://openalex.org/W2064316546","https://openalex.org/W3124160891","https://openalex.org/W2024634957","https://openalex.org/W4239157947","https://openalex.org/W4231700067","https://openalex.org/W2275696183","https://openalex.org/W2122842839","https://openalex.org/W4243334427"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Positioning":[0],"is":[1,65,76,86,193,209,444],"concerned":[2],"with":[3,166],"influencing":[4],"the":[5,11,50,68,120,132,136,144,160,167,188,195,239,265,271,279,295,328,341,348,381,384,387,409,412,527,533,537],"place":[6],"an":[7,73,221,255,334,506,541],"organization":[8],"holds":[9],"in":[10,67,81,88,119,128,202,232,248,270,289,325,386,395,420,512,532],"minds":[12,69],"of":[13,42,70,92,102,117,134,146,163,169,178,198,238,243,278,281,307,314,327,347,373,383,389,399,411,418,423,446,490,548],"stakeholders":[14,79],"relative":[15],"to":[16,24,31,57,90,139,151,185,190,227,263,274,304,345,352,358,370,379,405,437,464,468,479,509],"competitors.":[17,94],"It":[18],"has":[19,125,463],"been":[20,126],"advocated":[21],"as":[22,551],"key":[23,189],"public":[25,153,196],"park":[26,244,282,296],"and":[27,99,122,141,175,200,205,214,235,241,245,273,283,286,297,333,357,472,520,536,545],"recreation":[28,123,201,246,284,298],"agencies\u2019":[29],"efforts":[30],"compete":[32],"successfully":[33],"for":[34],"tax":[35],"allocations.":[36],"There":[37],"are":[38,46,486,530],"three":[39,483],"fundamental":[40],"axioms":[41],"positioning.":[43],"First,":[44],"positions":[45],"determined":[47],"not":[48,80],"by":[49,61,78,131,143,172,311,321],"image":[51,64],"that":[52,91,187,429,443,495,505,547],"a":[53,103,107,147,233,312,354,371,396,416,421,439,459,491,523],"service":[54],"provider":[55],"seeks":[56],"convey,":[58],"but":[59,83],"rather":[60,84,515],"how":[62],"this":[63],"perceived":[66,87,543],"stakeholders.":[71],"Second,":[72],"agency\u2019s":[74,542],"position":[75],"considered":[77],"isolation,":[82],"it":[85],"relation":[89],"its":[93,513],"Third,":[95],"positioning":[96,118],"requires":[97],"consistency":[98],"tight":[100],"focusing":[101],"selected":[104],"message":[105],"over":[106],"long":[108,478],"time":[109],"period,":[110],"often":[111],"many":[112],"years.":[113],"The":[115,156,364,425],"centrality":[116],"parks":[121,199],"field":[124],"accentuated":[127],"recent":[129],"years":[130],"emergence":[133],"(i)":[135,488],"Benefits":[137],"Approach":[138],"Leisure":[140],"(ii)":[142,500],"development":[145],"new":[148],"theoretical":[149],"paradigm":[150,158],"explain":[152],"sector":[154],"marketing.":[155],"revised":[157],"replaces":[159],"traditional":[161],"notion":[162],"voluntary":[164],"exchange":[165],"concept":[168],"redistribution":[170],"controlled":[171],"elected":[173,203],"officials":[174],"voters.":[176],"Both":[177],"these":[179],"two":[180],"movements":[181],"have":[182],"caused":[183],"agencies":[184,225,262,285],"recognize":[186],"resource":[191],"acquisition":[192],"establishing":[194],"benefits":[197],"officials\u2019":[204],"voters\u2019":[206],"minds.":[207],"This":[208,392],"accomplished":[210],"using":[211],"real,":[212],"psychological,":[213],"competitive":[215],"repositioning":[216,223,299,453],"strategies.":[217],"To":[219,252],"implement":[220],"effective":[222],"strategy,":[224],"need":[226],"empirically":[228],"identify":[229,264],"priority":[230,557],"issues":[231,266,414],"community":[234],"stakeholders\u2019":[236,276],"perceptions":[237,277],"strengths":[240],"weaknesses":[242],"services":[247],"addressing":[249,290],"those":[250,291,503,555],"issues.":[251,292],"do":[253],"this,":[254],"instrument":[256,442,494],"was":[257,302,403],"developed":[258],"which":[259,402,449,462],"will":[260],"enable":[261],"deemed":[267],"most":[268],"important":[269,511,528],"community,":[272,514],"measure":[275,450,469],"performance":[280,473],"their":[287,390],"\u2018competitors\u2019":[288],"Initially,":[294],"scale":[300,461],"(PARRS)":[301],"conceptualized":[303],"be":[305,465,476,480,510],"comprised":[306,445],"ten":[308,326],"domains":[309,349,504,529],"represented":[310],"total":[313],"55":[315],"items.":[316],"A":[317],"content":[318],"validity":[319],"check":[320],"expert":[322],"judges":[323],"resulted":[324,394],"original":[329],"items":[330,367,385,448],"being":[331,337,350,361],"discarded":[332],"additional":[335],"six":[336],"created.":[338],"In":[339,456],"addition,":[340],"judges\u2019":[342],"input":[343],"led":[344],"one":[346],"expanded":[351],"embrace":[353],"broader":[355],"mandate":[356],"another":[359],"domain":[360],"removed.":[362],"remaining":[365],"51":[366],"were":[368,377,430,435],"administered":[369],"sample":[372,417],"undergraduate":[374],"students,":[375],"who":[376],"asked":[378],"rate":[380],"importance":[382,410,471],"context":[388],"hometown.":[391],"pretest":[393],"reduced":[397],"set":[398],"40":[400],"items,":[401],"formatted":[404],"solicit":[406],"views":[407],"on":[408,553],"nine":[413,451,498,518],"from":[415],"residents":[419],"municipality":[422],"45,000.":[424],"331":[426],"useable":[427],"questionnaires":[428],"returned":[431],"(40.1%":[432],"response":[433],"rate)":[434],"analyzed":[436],"produce":[438],"final":[440],"PARRS":[441],"36":[447],"potential":[452],"domains.":[454,558],"some":[457],"contexts,":[458],"36-item":[460],"completed":[466],"twice":[467],"both":[470],"elements":[474],"may":[475],"too":[477],"practical.":[481],"Hence,":[482],"alternate":[484],"options":[485],"offered:":[487],"use":[489],"shorter,":[492],"26-item":[493],"measures":[496],"all":[497,517],"domains;":[499,519],"address":[501],"only":[502,554],"agency":[507],"believes":[508],"than":[516],"(iii)":[521],"adopt":[522],"two-stage":[524],"process":[525],"whereby":[526],"identified":[531],"first":[534],"stage,":[535],"second":[538],"stage":[539],"investigates":[540],"performance,":[544],"potentially":[546],"relevant":[549],"competitors":[550],"well,":[552],"high":[556]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-10-10T17:16:08.811792","created_date":"2020-09-11T00:00:00"}
