{"id":"https://openalex.org/W308331810","doi":null,"title":"What China Wants in Asia: 1975 or 1908?: Gunboat Diplomacy in the South and East China Sea-Chinese Strategic Mistake","display_name":"What China Wants in Asia: 1975 or 1908?: Gunboat Diplomacy in the South and East China Sea-Chinese Strategic Mistake","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W308331810","mag":"308331810"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:308331810","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-2875256011/what-china-wants-in-asia-1975-or-1908-gunboat-diplomacy","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765071574","display_name":"Geopolitics History and International Relations","issn_l":"1948-9145","issn":["1948-9145","2374-4383"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Geopolitics History and International Relations","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042391491","display_name":"Anis H. Bajrektarevi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4111-1068","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4111-1068"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anis H. Bajrektarevi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042391491"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"46","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.8213000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.8213000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12985","display_name":"Maritime Security and History","score":0.16769999265670776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14443","display_name":"COVID-19, Geopolitics, Technology, Migration","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gunboat-diplomacy","display_name":"gunboat diplomacy","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-china-sea","display_name":"South China Sea","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/east-china-sea","display_name":"East China Sea","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/territorial-disputes","display_name":"territorial disputes","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-china-relations","display_name":"US-China relations","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/g-2","display_name":"g-2","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateralism","display_name":"multilateralism","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asean","display_name":"ASEAN","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-security","display_name":"energy security","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rise-of-china","display_name":"China's rise","score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-technology","display_name":"environmental technology","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china-s-role-in-asia","display_name":"China's role in Asia","score":0.421999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.7780293226242065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778304055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657474","display_name":"Beijing","level":3,"score":0.6951610445976257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777689456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413574","display_name":"Multilateralism","level":3,"score":0.6874521374702454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557252395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1889","display_name":"Diplomacy","level":3,"score":0.676809549331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76775654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27231","display_name":"East Asia","level":3,"score":0.6266756653785706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5568505525588989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4783334732055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201960208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159385","display_name":"Geopolitics","level":3,"score":0.41776642203330994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.415659099817276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3890937566757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.32864683866500854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.22754409909248352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.14131683111190796}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:308331810","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-2875256011/what-china-wants-in-asia-1975-or-1908-gunboat-diplomacy","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765071574","display_name":"Geopolitics History and International Relations","issn_l":"1948-9145","issn":["1948-9145","2374-4383"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Geopolitics History and International Relations","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3198714360","https://openalex.org/W2242379424","https://openalex.org/W3089065686","https://openalex.org/W2253105643","https://openalex.org/W1988772567","https://openalex.org/W2340477359","https://openalex.org/W2117475986","https://openalex.org/W2958625793","https://openalex.org/W2106449905","https://openalex.org/W3186943979"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT.Is":[0],"China":[1,75,91,115,118,145,225,247,408,457,535,561,572],"currently":[2],"acting":[3],"as":[4,81,160,162,212,364,427,512],"a":[5,37,54,82,97,202,213,238,258,326,335,352,365,450,521,528,594,598],"de":[6],"facto":[7],"fundraiser":[8],"for":[9,74,328,534,582,589,600],"the":[10,19,27,46,50,58,103,120,134,140,143,155,163,167,195,208,216,227,241,249,268,273,280,290,294,299,302,312,355,373,384,420,442,455,465,476,482,487,495,509,545,552,556,559,568,579,601],"US?":[11],"A":[12,188],"real":[13],"challenge":[14,595],"is":[15,71,95,236,306,334,459,592],"always":[16],"to":[17,57,76,166,169,175,321,410,413,435,519,567],"optimize":[18],"(moral,":[20],"political":[21,186],"and":[22,68,79,85,142,185,191,308,347,357,368,379,393,461,475,478,497,540,542,558],"financial)":[23],"costs":[24],"in":[25,62,93,138,173,248,311,325,454,473,514,551,555,573],"meeting":[26],"national":[28],"strategic":[29,122],"objectives.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"case,":[33],"it":[34,199,428,525],"would":[35,537],"be":[36,231,411,520],"resolute":[38,421],"Beijing's":[39],"turn":[40],"towards":[41,419],"green":[42],"technology,":[43,131],"coupled":[44],"with":[45,252,481,508],"firm":[47],"buildup":[48,491],"of":[49,60,100,106,194,220,240,260,263,277,284,298,354,441,484,504,571,575],"Asian":[51,210,233],"multilateralism.":[52],"Without":[53],"grand":[55],"rapprochement":[56],"champions":[59],"multilateralism":[61],"Asia,":[63,515],"which":[64],"are":[65,342,350,387,391,395,470],"Indonesia,":[66,128],"India":[67],"Japan,":[69,126],"there":[70],"no":[72,430,516],"environment":[73],"seriously":[77],"evolve":[78],"emerge":[80],"formidable,":[83],"lasting":[84,451],"trusted":[86],"global":[87],"leader.":[88],"Consequently,":[89],"what":[90],"needs":[92],"Asia":[94,278],"not":[96,230,593],"naval":[98,590],"race":[99],"1908,":[101],"but":[102,596],"Helsinki":[104],"process":[105],"1975.Keywords:":[107],"geopolitical":[108],"imperatives,":[109],"Asia-Pacific,":[110,553],"armament,":[111],"gunboat":[112],"diplomacy,":[113],"South":[114,141,456,557],"Sea,":[116,119,458],"East":[117,144,560],"US":[121,358,510,602],"objectives,":[123],"G-2,":[124,224],"China,":[125],"India,":[127],"ASEAN,":[129],"multilateralism,":[130],"energy":[132,378,401],"securityAs":[133],"recent":[135],"maritime":[136],"contests":[137],"both":[139,437],"Sea":[146],"has":[147,429],"shown,":[148],"Beijing":[149,445],"underestimated":[150],"an":[151,232,282,329,606],"emotional":[152],"charge":[153],"that":[154,204,449,462,536],"territorial":[156],"disputes":[157],"carry":[158],"along,":[159],"well":[161],"convenience":[164],"given":[165],"neighbors":[168],"escalate":[170],"these":[171],"frictions":[172],"order":[174],"divert":[176],"public":[177],"attention":[178],"from":[179],"their":[180],"own":[181],"pressing":[182],"domestic":[183],"socio-economic":[184],"issues.":[187],"costly,":[189],"spiral":[190],"dangerous":[192],"game":[193],"reinvigorated":[196],"nationalistic":[197],"rhetoric,":[198],"presently":[200],"instigates":[201],"climate":[203],"could":[205],"easily":[206],"hijack":[207],"next":[209],"decade":[211],"whole.Speculations":[214],"over":[215],"alleged":[217],"bipolar":[218],"world":[219],"tomorrow":[221],"(the":[222],"so-called":[223],"vs.":[226],"US)":[228],"should":[229],"dilemma.":[234],"It":[235,563],"primarily":[237,507],"concern":[239],"West":[242],"that,":[243],"after":[244],"all,":[245],"overheated":[246,307],"first":[250],"place":[251],"its":[253,398,414,586],"(outsourcing)":[254],"investments.":[255],"Hence,":[256],"despite":[257],"(cacophony":[259],"voices,":[261],"actually":[262],"a)":[264],"distortive":[265],"noise":[266],"about":[267],"possible":[269],"future":[270],"G-2":[271],"world,":[272],"central":[274],"security":[275,502],"problem":[276],"remains":[279],"same:":[281],"absence":[283],"any":[285,323],"pan-continental":[286],"multilateral":[287],"setting":[288],"on":[289,345],"world's":[291],"largest":[292],"continent.On":[293],"eastern,":[295],"ascendant":[296],"flank":[297],"Eurasian":[300],"continent,":[301],"Chinese":[303,340,348,489,580],"vertigo":[304],"economy":[305,333],"too-well":[309],"integrated":[310],"petrodollar":[313],"system.":[314],"Beijing,":[315],"presently,":[316],"cannot":[317],"contemplate":[318],"or":[319,433,585],"afford":[320],"allocate":[322],"resources":[324,434],"search":[327],"alternative.":[330],"(The":[331],"Sino":[332],"low-wageand":[336],"labor":[337],"intensive-centered":[338],"one.":[339],"revenues":[341],"heavily":[343],"dependent":[344],"exports":[346],"reserves":[349],"predominantly":[351],"mix":[353],"USD":[356],"Treasury":[359],"bonds.)":[360],"To":[361],"sustain":[362],"itself":[363],"single":[366],"socio-political":[367],"formidably":[369],"performing":[370],"economic":[371],"entity,":[372],"People's":[374],"Republic":[375],"requires":[376],"more":[377],"less":[380],"external":[381,400],"dependency.1":[382],"Domestically,":[383],"demographic-migratory":[385],"pressures":[386],"huge,":[388],"regional":[389],"demands":[390],"high,":[392],"expectations":[394],"brewing.2":[396],"Considering":[397],"best":[399],"dependency":[402],"equalizer":[403],"(and":[404,531],"inner":[405],"cohesion":[406],"solidifier),":[407],"seems":[409],"turning":[412],"military":[415,490,549,587],"upgrade":[416],"rather":[417,597],"than":[418],"alternative":[422],"energy/Green":[423],"Tech":[424],"investments":[425],"-":[426,463,468,511,604,608],"time,":[431],"plan":[432],"do":[436],"at":[438,464],"once.":[439],"Inattentive":[440],"broader":[443],"picture,":[444],"(probably":[446],"falsely)":[447],"believes":[448],"containment,":[452],"especially":[453,554],"unbearable,":[460],"same":[466],"time":[467],"fossil-fuels":[469],"available":[471],"(e.g.,":[472],"Africa":[474],"Gulf),":[477],"even":[479,605],"cheaper":[480],"help":[483],"battleships.3In":[485],"effect,":[486],"forthcoming":[488],"will":[492],"only":[493],"strengthen":[494],"existing,":[496],"open":[498],"up":[499,566],"new,":[500],"bilateral":[501],"deals4":[503],"neighboring":[505],"countries,":[506],"nowadays":[513],"one":[517],"wants":[518],"passive":[522],"downloader.":[523],"Ultimately,":[524],"may":[526],"create":[527],"politico-military":[529],"isolation":[530],"financial":[532],"burden)":[533],"consequently":[538],"justify":[539],"(politically":[541],"financially)":[543],"cheapen":[544],"bolder":[546],"reinforced":[547],"American":[548],"presence":[550],"Sea.":[562],"perfectly":[564],"adds":[565],"intensified":[569],"demonization":[570],"parts":[574],"influential":[576],"Western":[577],"media.5Hence,":[578],"grab":[581],"fossil":[583],"fuels":[584],"competition":[588],"control":[591],"boost":[599],"Asia-Pacific":[603],"overall":[607],"posture.":[609],"\u2026":[610]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}