{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3072777905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105445","title":"Migration, labor and women\u2019s empowerment: Evidence from an agricultural value chain in Bangladesh","display_name":"Migration, labor and women\u2019s empowerment: Evidence from an agricultural value chain in Bangladesh","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3072777905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105445","mag":"3072777905","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34083863","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8085769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85457386","display_name":"World Development","issn_l":"0305-750X","issn":["0305-750X","1873-5991"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105445","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011789930","display_name":"Alan de Brauw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5045-8939","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5045-8939"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150314799","display_name":"International Food Policy Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03pxz9p87","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668","https://openalex.org/I150314799"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan de Brauw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 1201 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 1201 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150314799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025139356","display_name":"Berber Kramer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-6613","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-6613"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150314799","display_name":"International Food Policy Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03pxz9p87","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668","https://openalex.org/I150314799"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58422712","display_name":"International Livestock Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01jxjwb74","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668","https://openalex.org/I58422712"]}],"countries":["KE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berber Kramer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mara House, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya","Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 1201 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mara House, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58422712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 1201 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150314799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mike Murphy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150314799","display_name":"International Food Policy Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03pxz9p87","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668","https://openalex.org/I150314799"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mike Murphy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 1201 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 1201 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150314799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150314799"],"apc_list":{"value":3010,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3440},"apc_paid":{"value":3010,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3440},"fwci":11.1226,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98588517,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"142","issue":null,"first_page":"105445","last_page":"105445"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.7768999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.7768999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.2168000042438507,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13989","display_name":"Labour Market and Migration","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-to-urban-migration","display_name":"rural-urban migration","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-empowerment","display_name":"women's empowerment","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/female-labor-participation","display_name":"female labor participation","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-shortage","display_name":"labor shortage","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jute-production","display_name":"jute production","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cash-crops","display_name":"cash crops","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-pay-gap","display_name":"gender pay gap","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-norms","display_name":"gender norms","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-labor-markets","display_name":"rural labor markets","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-value-chains","display_name":"agricultural value chains","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bangladesh","display_name":"Bangladesh","score":0.41200000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20555606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868575","display_name":"Empowerment","level":2,"score":0.7541232705116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129225989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932139","display_name":"Cash crop","level":3,"score":0.6032872200012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775982641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15675642","display_name":"Women's empowerment","level":3,"score":0.5966468453407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.5783967971801758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5359322428703308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.5226754546165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.5038864016532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778767757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5530958","display_name":"Gender and development","level":4,"score":0.463001549243927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.4525437355041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4450682997703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.39777666330337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3260911703109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2390449345111847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09932565689086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206836424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1510761","display_name":"Social change","level":2,"score":0.0778975784778595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62760934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551419","display_name":"Social transformation","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85457386","display_name":"World Development","issn_l":"0305-750X","issn":["0305-750X","1873-5991"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8085769","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8085769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Dev","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:34083863","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34083863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World development","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org:p15738coll5/7705","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll5/id/7705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400226","display_name":"IFPRI E-brary (International Food Policy Research Institute)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I150314799","host_organization_name":"International Food Policy Research Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150314799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"World Development 142(June 2021): 105445","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cgspace.cgiar.org:10568/114011","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10568/114011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402055","display_name":"CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1286583668","host_organization_name":"CGIAR","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Brauw, A. de, Kramer, B. and Murphy, M. 2021. Migration, labor and women\u2019s empowerment: Evidence from an agricultural value chain in Bangladesh. World Development 142: 105445. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/114011","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cgspace.cgiar.org:10568/143542","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10568/143542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402055","display_name":"CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1286583668","host_organization_name":"CGIAR","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"de Brauw, Alan; Kramer, Berber; and Murphy, Mike. 2020. Migration, labor, and women\u2019s empowerment: Evidence from an agricultural value chain in Bangladesh. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1959. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133936.","raw_type":"Working Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ebrary.ifpri.org:p15738coll5/7705","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll5/id/7705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400197","display_name":"International Food Policy Research Institute (International Food Policy Research Institute)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I150314799","host_organization_name":"International Food Policy Research Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150314799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"World Development 142(June 2021): 105445","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85457386","display_name":"World Development","issn_l":"0305-750X","issn":["0305-750X","1873-5991"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8974000215530396},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.40450000762939453}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1948668663","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EEM-G-00-04-00013-00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2700305728","display_name":"International Food Policy Research Institute - to validate and measure women\u2019s empowerment so that agricultural development projects can design appropriate strategies to diagnosis, design, and m...","funder_award_id":"INV-008977","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4978070765","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EEM-G-00-04-00013-00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306115","funder_display_name":"United States Agency for International Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306115","display_name":"United States Agency for International Development","ror":"https://ror.org/01n6e6j62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323317","display_name":"Atlantic Veterinary College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xh9x144"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981928741","https://openalex.org/W1985992277","https://openalex.org/W2062724303","https://openalex.org/W2063620455","https://openalex.org/W2076015715","https://openalex.org/W2078925426","https://openalex.org/W2081670505","https://openalex.org/W2081883533","https://openalex.org/W2089717027","https://openalex.org/W2113535361","https://openalex.org/W2113845800","https://openalex.org/W2151284373","https://openalex.org/W2158759951","https://openalex.org/W2160878170","https://openalex.org/W2344414458","https://openalex.org/W2411387718","https://openalex.org/W2417404710","https://openalex.org/W2780674668","https://openalex.org/W2807864385","https://openalex.org/W2906233749","https://openalex.org/W2944734466","https://openalex.org/W2946113486","https://openalex.org/W2947397546","https://openalex.org/W3011610762","https://openalex.org/W3022246098","https://openalex.org/W3087537668","https://openalex.org/W3123539806","https://openalex.org/W6683942717","https://openalex.org/W7061797283"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408680644","https://openalex.org/W2999720768","https://openalex.org/W2810335651","https://openalex.org/W4415877504","https://openalex.org/W4210484349","https://openalex.org/W3111369305","https://openalex.org/W2152874078","https://openalex.org/W4386498484","https://openalex.org/W2183106078","https://openalex.org/W2545412097"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,52,93,104,113,162,185],"substantial":[2],"portion":[3],"of":[4,41,63,69,81,108,116,190,193,202],"the":[5,39,60,79,179,191],"rural":[6,196],"labor":[7,42,46,74,85,100,125,152,197],"force":[8],"migrates":[9],"to":[10],"urban":[11],"areas,":[12],"it":[13],"is":[14,127,166],"commonly":[15],"assumed":[16],"that":[17,123,144],"women":[18,173],"could":[19],"take":[20],"over":[21],"traditionally":[22],"male":[23,149,164],"tasks":[24],"in":[25,38,59,133,174,178,195,200],"agricultural":[26],"production,":[27],"with":[28,78,130,169],"potentially":[29],"empowering":[30],"outcomes":[31,171],"for":[32,157,172,187],"women.":[33],"We":[34,120],"study":[35],"how":[36],"changes":[37],"supply":[40,126],"may":[43],"influence":[44],"female":[45,109,117,151],"participation":[47],"and":[48,72,83,89,150,160],"empowerment":[49],"outcomes.":[50],"Using":[51],"detailed":[53],"panel":[54],"dataset":[55],"on":[56],"jute":[57],"producers":[58],"delta":[61],"region":[62],"Bangladesh,":[64],"we":[65,102],"test":[66],"whether":[67],"out-migration":[68],"household":[70,82,94,97,110],"members":[71],"perceived":[73],"shortages":[75],"are":[76,153],"associated":[77,129,168],"share":[80,115],"hired":[84,99,118],"performed":[86],"by":[87],"women,":[88],"women's":[90,139],"empowerment.":[91,140],"When":[92],"experiences":[95],"reduced":[96,114,124],"or":[98,137],"supply,":[101],"observe":[103],"relatively":[105],"larger":[106],"use":[107],"labor,":[111],"but":[112],"labor.":[119],"also":[121],"find":[122],"not":[128,154,167],"significant":[131],"reductions":[132],"gender":[134,147,194],"wage":[135],"gaps,":[136],"enhanced":[138],"These":[141],"findings":[142],"suggest":[143],"given":[145],"existing":[146],"norms,":[148],"perfect":[155],"substitutes":[156],"one":[158],"another,":[159],"as":[161],"result,":[163],"outmigration":[165],"improved":[170],"cash":[175],"crop":[176],"production":[177],"short":[180],"run.":[181],"Our":[182],"results":[183],"demonstrate":[184],"need":[186],"better":[188],"understanding":[189],"role":[192],"markets,":[198],"particularly":[199],"contexts":[201],"rapid":[203],"urbanization.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2020-08-24T00:00:00"}
