{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3061923217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27692","title":"Union Membership Peaks in Midlife","display_name":"Union Membership Peaks in Midlife","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3061923217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27692","mag":"3061923217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w27692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27692","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27692","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27692","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085355694","display_name":"David G. Blanchflower","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2856-7039","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2856-7039"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Blanchflower","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor of Economics 6106 Rockefeller Hall Dartmouth College Hanover , NH 03755-3514 and NBER","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","Professor of Economics 6106 Rockefeller Hall Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3514 and","Professor of Quantitative Social Science University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor of Economics 6106 Rockefeller Hall Dartmouth College Hanover , NH 03755-3514 and NBER","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor of Economics 6106 Rockefeller Hall Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3514 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor of Quantitative Social Science University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006172358","display_name":"Alex Bryson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1529-2010","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1529-2010"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alex Bryson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Education Department of Social Science 20 Bedford Square London WC1H 0AL United Kingdom","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","Professor of Economics 6106 Rockefeller Hall Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3514 and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Education Department of Social Science 20 Bedford Square London WC1H 0AL United Kingdom","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor of Economics 6106 Rockefeller Hall Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3514 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006172358"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454","https://openalex.org/I1321305853"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.020999999716877937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13911","display_name":"Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-union-membership","display_name":"union membership","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/union-density","display_name":"union density","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/midlife","display_name":"midlife","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-relations","display_name":"labor relations","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutions","display_name":"institutions","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birth-cohort","display_name":"birth cohort","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-workers","display_name":"older workers","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-kingdom","display_name":"United Kingdom","score":0.996999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.44462716579437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34546858072280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3218037486076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w27692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27692","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27692","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w27692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27692","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27692","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7257999777793884,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4622320084","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"295914","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3061923217.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3061923217.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W75601439","https://openalex.org/W1488939620","https://openalex.org/W1491356738","https://openalex.org/W1506628446","https://openalex.org/W1530533961","https://openalex.org/W1537892272","https://openalex.org/W1556322230","https://openalex.org/W1597584491","https://openalex.org/W1964360119","https://openalex.org/W1987993279","https://openalex.org/W2014653793","https://openalex.org/W2020490324","https://openalex.org/W2022027752","https://openalex.org/W2088703815","https://openalex.org/W2091417420","https://openalex.org/W2096310398","https://openalex.org/W2099915129","https://openalex.org/W2111286467","https://openalex.org/W2113225130","https://openalex.org/W2116612196","https://openalex.org/W2126824865","https://openalex.org/W2127729600","https://openalex.org/W2130819090","https://openalex.org/W2132233992","https://openalex.org/W2137199178","https://openalex.org/W2142060649","https://openalex.org/W2147384677","https://openalex.org/W2154472033","https://openalex.org/W2161125544","https://openalex.org/W2169108612","https://openalex.org/W2259951438","https://openalex.org/W2266808311","https://openalex.org/W2340782432","https://openalex.org/W2476166272","https://openalex.org/W2518887289","https://openalex.org/W2561095012","https://openalex.org/W2566967514","https://openalex.org/W2786696344","https://openalex.org/W2890480182","https://openalex.org/W2944079760","https://openalex.org/W2999231621","https://openalex.org/W3014002611","https://openalex.org/W3021041469","https://openalex.org/W3041869905","https://openalex.org/W3081324833","https://openalex.org/W3122929509","https://openalex.org/W6997131486"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096310398","https://openalex.org/W2017118950","https://openalex.org/W2091417420","https://openalex.org/W2109780621","https://openalex.org/W2151101483","https://openalex.org/W2162327723","https://openalex.org/W2277954868","https://openalex.org/W2606933815","https://openalex.org/W3123813560","https://openalex.org/W1490720866"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"data":[1],"from":[2],"68":[3],"countries":[4,40],"on":[5],"over":[6,10,123,150],"8":[7],"million":[8],"respondents":[9],"forty":[11],"years":[12],"we":[13,30],"show":[14],"union":[15,106,145,162],"membership":[16,107,146,156,172],"peaks":[17],"in":[18,51,70,81,95,113,136,155],"midlife":[19],"-usually":[20],"around":[21],"workers'":[22],"late":[23],"40s":[24],"or":[25,44],"early":[26],"50s.In":[27],"doing":[28],"so":[29,45],"extend":[31],"Blanchflower's":[32],"(2007)":[33],"earlier":[34],"study,":[35],"incorporating":[36],"a":[37,78],"further":[38],"39":[39],"and":[41,55,104,117],"another":[42],"decade":[43],"of":[46,58,98,153],"data.We":[47],"also":[48],"found":[49],"it":[50],"every":[52,72],"US":[53],"state":[54],"the":[56,75,96,99,110,114,118,126,130,151,166],"District":[57],"Columbia":[59],"as":[60,62,165],"well":[61],"across":[63,74],"industries.The":[64],"fact":[65],"that":[66,85],"this":[67,140],"relationship":[68,101],"exists":[69],"virtually":[71],"country":[73],"world":[76],"challenges":[77],"key":[79],"precept":[80],"industrial":[82],"relations,":[83],"namely":[84],"institutions":[86],"matter:":[87],"they":[88],"appear":[89],"to":[90,143],"matter":[91],"little,":[92],"at":[93,109,128],"least":[94],"case":[97],"hump-shaped":[100],"between":[102],"unionization":[103],"age.The":[105],"rates":[108,147,164,173],"age":[111,127,152],"peak":[112,131],"United":[115,119],"States":[116],"Kingdom":[120],"have":[121,160],"lowered":[122,161],"time,":[124],"while":[125],"which":[129],"has":[132,134],"occurred":[133],"increased":[135],"both":[137],"countries.In":[138],"part":[139],"is":[141],"due":[142],"increasing":[144],"among":[148],"those":[149],"sixty-five.Declines":[154],"by":[157],"birth":[158],"cohort":[159],"density":[163],"older":[167],"cohorts":[168],"with":[169],"historically":[170],"higher":[171],"leave":[174],"labor":[175],"markets.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2020-08-24T00:00:00"}
