{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3048847692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels1010002","title":"Thermal Transformation of Palm Waste to High-Quality Hydrocarbon Fuel","display_name":"Thermal Transformation of Palm Waste to High-Quality Hydrocarbon Fuel","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3048847692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels1010002","mag":"3048847692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fuels1010002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels1010002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels1010002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3994/1/1/2/pdf?version=1597146204","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200807","display_name":"Fuels","issn_l":"2673-3994","issn":["2673-3994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fuels","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3994/1/1/2/pdf?version=1597146204","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chai Kuan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chai Kuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098613845","display_name":"Mark Neng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Neng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100768542","display_name":"Yu Bin Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9557-1361","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9557-1361"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Bin Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021265184","display_name":"Yoke\u2010Leng Sim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-8412","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-8412"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoke-Leng Sim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia","SW Ecolife Enterprise, Taman Bandar Baru, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SW Ecolife Enterprise, Taman Bandar Baru, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007034360","display_name":"Joel Strothers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","display_name":"City University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00453a208","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32170380","display_name":"Medgar Evers College","ror":"https://ror.org/03we2aj97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32170380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Strothers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, 1638 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA","Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 05840, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, 1638 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174216632","https://openalex.org/I32170380"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 05840, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009212177","display_name":"Lawrence Michael Pratt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0757-6198","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0757-6198"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","display_name":"City University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00453a208","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32170380","display_name":"Medgar Evers College","ror":"https://ror.org/03we2aj97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32170380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence Pratt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, 1638 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, 1638 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174216632","https://openalex.org/I32170380"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009212177"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174216632","https://openalex.org/I32170380"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1056},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1056},"fwci":0.2574,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43820225,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"2","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11351","display_name":"Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies","score":0.008100000210106373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1503","display_name":"Catalysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-palm-empty-fruit-bunch","display_name":"empty fruit bunch","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-palm-waste","display_name":"oil palm waste","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-conversion","display_name":"thermal conversion","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrocarbon-fuels","display_name":"hydrocarbon fuels","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kerosene","display_name":"kerosene","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diesel-fuel","display_name":"diesel fuel","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fats-oils-and-grease","display_name":"fats, oils and grease","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brown-grease","display_name":"brown grease","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lewis-acid-catalysts","display_name":"Lewis acid catalysts","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ferric-sulfate","display_name":"ferric sulfate","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-sieves","display_name":"molecular sieves","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biofuels","display_name":"biofuels","score":0.4020000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.6693949699401855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.6255274415016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52896960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167947","display_name":"Biodiesel","level":3,"score":0.6057279706001282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.5548914074897766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75212476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171076","display_name":"Biogas","level":2,"score":0.5494711399078369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778192735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76904","display_name":"Kerosene","level":2,"score":0.5175582766532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53991642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991","display_name":"Biofuel","level":2,"score":0.5105623006820679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4460403621196747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.40542712807655334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.2905814051628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.20108330249786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fuels1010002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels1010002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels1010002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3994/1/1/2/pdf?version=1597146204","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200807","display_name":"Fuels","issn_l":"2673-3994","issn":["2673-3994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fuels","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fuels1010002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels1010002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels1010002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3994/1/1/2/pdf?version=1597146204","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200807","display_name":"Fuels","issn_l":"2673-3994","issn":["2673-3994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fuels","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":1.0,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8485000133514404,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5041778169","display_name":"RUI:  The Chemistry and Engineering of Waste Oils and Blends in their Conversion to Fuel Oils.","funder_award_id":"1802524","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G621258582","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014/2015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337390","display_name":"Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/0471zv972"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3048847692.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3048847692.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87463483","https://openalex.org/W1017039985","https://openalex.org/W2011077031","https://openalex.org/W2032590040","https://openalex.org/W2036948906","https://openalex.org/W2042624201","https://openalex.org/W2069099940","https://openalex.org/W2073806524","https://openalex.org/W2284111447","https://openalex.org/W2728060415","https://openalex.org/W2800319621","https://openalex.org/W2810941284","https://openalex.org/W2903096880","https://openalex.org/W2953816775"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046246782","https://openalex.org/W2731919709","https://openalex.org/W2343364208","https://openalex.org/W6929709066","https://openalex.org/W2089684227","https://openalex.org/W2409353204","https://openalex.org/W2573948323","https://openalex.org/W2006565620","https://openalex.org/W2792078037","https://openalex.org/W1607727642"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Empty":[0],"fruit":[1],"bunches":[2],"(EFB)":[3],"are":[4,30,40,160],"waste":[5,144,159],"products":[6,34,155],"in":[7,69],"the":[8,31,50,70,122,149,154],"palm":[9,36,87,157],"oil":[10,37,158],"industry.":[11],"Upon":[12],"pressing":[13],"of":[14,35,67,72,84,110],"EFB,":[15],"a":[16,65],"liquor":[17,53],"is":[18,46,78,135],"produced":[19],"which":[20,89],"contains":[21],"low":[22],"grade":[23],"fats,":[24],"oils,":[25],"and":[26,39,74,100,129],"greases":[27],"(FOG).":[28],"These":[29],"least":[32],"valuable":[33],"production,":[38],"often":[41],"discarded":[42],"as":[43,114],"waste.":[44],"It":[45],"shown":[47,116],"here":[48],"that":[49,138],"EFB":[51],"pressed":[52],"can":[54],"be":[55],"thermally":[56],"transformed":[57],"at":[58],"or":[59],"below":[60],"350":[61],"\u00b0C":[62],"to":[63,119,137,163],"produce":[64],"series":[66],"hydrocarbons":[68],"range":[71],"kerosene":[73],"diesel":[75],"fuel.":[76],"This":[77],"distinctly":[79],"different":[80],"from":[81,86,140,148,156],"other":[82],"studies":[83],"biofuels":[85],"oil,":[88],"were":[90],"based":[91],"entirely":[92],"on":[93],"biodiesel":[94],"(fatty":[95],"acid":[96,125],"methyl":[97],"ester":[98],"(FAME))":[99],"biogas":[101],"production.":[102],"Furthermore,":[103],"this":[104],"transformation":[105],"takes":[106],"place":[107],"without":[108],"addition":[109],"an":[111],"external":[112],"catalyst,":[113],"was":[115],"by":[117],"comparison":[118],"reactions":[120],"with":[121],"potential":[123],"Lewis":[124],"catalysts,":[126],"ferric":[127],"sulfate,":[128],"molecular":[130],"sieves.":[131],"The":[132],"product":[133],"distribution":[134],"similar":[136],"obtained":[139,147],"brown":[141],"grease,":[142],"another":[143],"FOG":[145],"stream":[146],"sewage":[150],"treatment":[151],"industry,":[152],"although":[153],"less":[161],"sensitive":[162],"reaction":[164],"conditions.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2020-08-18T00:00:00"}