{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3048751128","doi":null,"title":"Sample Size Estimation: Often A Disregarded, And Yet An Essential Driver Of Research Quality And Integrity.","display_name":"Sample Size Estimation: Often A Disregarded, And Yet An Essential Driver Of Research Quality And Integrity.","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3048751128","mag":"3048751128","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32829567"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:32829567","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32829567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060218643","display_name":"Arwa Ahmed Al-Qahtani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5757-7941","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5757-7941"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109070","display_name":"Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01j5awv26","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109070"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arwa Ahmed Al-Qahtani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063732441","display_name":"Abdulkarem Awad S Alenzi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109070","display_name":"Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01j5awv26","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109070"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulkarem Awad S Alenzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043620035","display_name":"Akbar Shoukat Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3654-6051","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3654-6051"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802929321","display_name":"Aga Khan University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05xcx0k58","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118185606","https://openalex.org/I2802929321","https://openalex.org/I4210114929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39727005","display_name":"Dow University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01h85hm56","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39727005"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akbar Shoukat Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, and School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Karachi, Pakistan","School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences (Ojha Campus), Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, and School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802929321","https://openalex.org/I39727005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences (Ojha Campus), Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39727005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"3","first_page":"424","last_page":"425"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.8363999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.8363999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.11469999700784683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.019099999219179153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size-calculation","display_name":"sample size determination","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-power","display_name":"statistical power","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-i-error","display_name":"type I error","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-ii-error","display_name":"type II error","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-ethics","display_name":"research ethics","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-integrity","display_name":"research integrity","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-research","display_name":"health care research","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-design","display_name":"research design","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability","display_name":"generalizability","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-funding-allocation","display_name":"research funding allocation","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publication-pressure","display_name":"publication pressure","score":0.30799999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.946656346321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.615473210811615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.6011713147163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5985566973686218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5125453472137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.35624587535858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2506266236305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:32829567","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32829567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ecommons.aku.edu:pakistan_fhs_mc_med_med-1628","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_mc_med_med/629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196301","display_name":"eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118185606","host_organization_name":"Aga Khan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118185606"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Department of Medicine","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3048751128","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32829567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6903857251","https://openalex.org/W6941410893","https://openalex.org/W4390423191","https://openalex.org/W4246002435","https://openalex.org/W2789674235","https://openalex.org/W2999104021","https://openalex.org/W4387754559","https://openalex.org/W4385476978","https://openalex.org/W2060260083","https://openalex.org/W4210818743"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,113,296,319,648,747,923,997,1037,1053,1079],"snowballing":[1],"demand":[2],"of":[3,13,19,22,43,60,66,77,81,107,121,125,139,152,156,171,227,250,278,302,331,347,354,362,390,422,432,450,530,541,575,611,634,651,705,711,765,832,842,875,917,938,954,968,986,1049],"research":[4,15,23,45,55,97,109,192,212,232,235,260,267,286,356,413,577,921,978,1131],"publications":[5],"for":[6,25,190,230,412,852,870,1009,1149],"student":[7],"graduation":[8],"and":[9,17,29,39,99,105,110,200,206,221,341,484,491,504,731,771,797,936,970,989,1003,1044,1095,1125,1143],"faculty":[10],"promotion,":[11],"dearth":[12],"quality":[14],"specialists":[16],"bypassing":[18],"conventional":[20],"inspection":[21],"papers":[24,856],"appropriate":[26],"study":[27,46,126,157,236,268,370,578,653,715,776,793,891,979,1027,1050,1075,1139,1141],"design":[28,1076],"methodology":[30],"from":[31,465,1073,1122],"numerous":[32],"journals":[33],"have":[34,53,364],"collectively":[35],"perpetuated":[36],"the":[37,90,103,137,140,154,169,186,225,258,263,310,313,329,348,359,388,409,448,452,482,488,502,508,544,573,609,613,635,652,656,665,703,712,720,739,763,775,788,792,829,843,858,915,920,927,966,981,994,1023,1028,1123],"obliviousness":[38],"deliberate":[40],"faux":[41],"pas":[42],"basic":[44],"principles.":[47],"More":[48],"than":[49],"anything":[50],"else,":[51],"we":[52,84,394,629,640],"pigeonholed":[54],"as":[56,195,442,461,603,702],"merely":[57],"\u2018a":[58],"concept":[59],"statistical":[61,150,220,352,366,676,844,1154],"significance;":[62],"p-":[64,79,1039],"value":[65,80,486,506,1040],"<0.05\u2019.":[67],"We":[68,757,863],"are":[69,218,520,624,630,1146],"so":[70,201],"obsessed":[71],"with":[72,237,269,338,358,597,774,992],"reaching":[73],"this":[74,391,675,752],"remarkable":[75],"threshold":[76],"<0.05":[82,1043],"that":[83,216,308,402,474,495,533,590,628,632,1068],"overlook":[85],"to":[86,135,160,179,209,247,368,380,397,579,643,654,673,827,895,940,964,1026,1066,1077,1097,1129],"take":[87],"into":[88],"account":[89],"sample":[91,114,132,145,180,228,241,274,297,321,344,383,410,667,679,783,868,883,928,955,1024,1069,1150],"size":[92,115,133,146,181,229,322,384,411,680,699,742,750,761,784,790,869,884,929,956,1025,1151],"estimation":[93,147,930],"very":[94],"often.":[95],"This":[96],"mindset":[98],"practice":[100],"seriously":[101],"impeaches":[102],"integrity":[104],"validity":[106],"scientific":[108,122,143,821],"practice.":[111],"determination":[116],"is":[117,148,440,459,476,497,514,535,572,595,601,618,671,700,728,736,754,785,795,825,838,860,892,914,958,1042,1051,1055,1083,1119,1156],"an":[118,238,591,645,943],"integral":[119],"part":[120],"research,":[123,144,822],"regardless":[124],"design.":[127],"Incongruous,":[128],"insufficient,":[129],"or":[130,523,583,707,878,898],"disproportionate":[131],"continues":[134],"affect":[136],"generalization":[138],"research.":[141],"In":[142],"a":[149,164,231,255,266,270,285,333,351,382,403,463,576,581,820,823,833,839,866,871,881],"procedure":[151],"determining":[153],"number":[155,361,916],"subjects":[158,1057],"required":[159,782,826,887],"make":[161],"interpretations":[162],"about":[163],"target":[165],"population.":[166,304,349],"Researchers":[167,849],"in":[168,224,254,315,487,507,539,638,658,678,709,714,751,854,926,972,1013,1017,1030,1061],"field":[170],"healthcare":[172],"setting;":[173],"however,":[174],"often":[175],"offer":[176],"little":[177],"attention":[178],"estimation.":[182],"Indeed,":[183],"they":[184],"select":[185],"most":[187],"convenient":[188],"figures":[189],"their":[191],"studies":[193,213,357],"such":[194,284],"20,":[196],"50,":[197],"100,":[198],"500,":[199],"on.":[202],"Those":[203],"who":[204],"propose":[205],"grant":[207],"approvals":[208],"above":[210,1080],"mentioned":[211,1016,1081],"should":[214,298,1058],"comprehend":[215],"there":[217,475,496,534],"significant":[219,479,499],"ethical":[222],"consequences":[223],"selection":[226],"study.":[233,318,922,1132],"A":[234,961],"excessively":[239],"outsized":[240],"might":[242],"be":[243,276,288,300,386,662,744,886,1022,1059,1098],"considered":[244],"unethical":[245],"owing":[246],"redundant":[248],"involvement":[249],"additional":[251,339],"participants":[252,363,918],"and,":[253],"similar":[256],"way,":[257],"increased":[259],"expenses.":[261],"By":[262],"same":[264],"token,":[265],"relatively":[271],"too":[272],"small":[273,786,867],"would":[275,287,306,385,395,743,864,885,1021],"incapable":[277],"spotting":[279],"scientifically":[280],"essential":[281,672],"effects.":[282],"Therefore,":[283],"logically":[289],"impractical.":[290],"1\u20133":[292],"always":[299,1157],"representative":[301,346],"whole":[303],"You":[305],"agree":[307],"greater":[309,312],"population,":[311,1140],"variation":[314],"characteristics":[316],"under":[317,510,778,890],"large":[320,666,796,882,896],"helps":[323],"detect":[324,655],"even":[325],"minute":[326],"differences":[327,657],"since":[328,857],"probability":[330,449,574,610],"getting":[332,942],"result":[334],"by":[335,664],"chance":[336,538],"reduces":[337],"subjects,":[340],"makes":[342],"your":[343],"more":[345],"From":[350],"point":[353],"view,":[355],"adequate":[360],"satisfactory":[365],"\u2018power\u2019":[367],"identify":[369],"findings.":[371],"2":[373],",":[374,802],"3":[375],"How":[379],"calculate":[381],"beyond":[387],"scope":[389],"article.":[392],"However,":[393],"like":[396],"underline":[398],"few":[399],"general":[400],"points":[401],"researcher":[404,824,962],"must":[405],"consider":[406,674],"while":[407],"calculating":[408],"study;":[414],"1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0":[418],"Level":[421,429],"Significance:":[423],"significance":[433,531],"depends":[434,931],"solely":[435],"on":[436,762,932],"alpha":[437],"(\u03b1).":[438],"It":[439,446,571,600,607],"known":[441,602],"type":[443,604,937],"I":[444],"error.":[445,606],"represents":[447,608],"rejecting":[451,543,612],"null":[453,545,614],"hypothesis":[454,464,471,493,615],"(":[455],"Hypothesis":[456],"testing":[457],"defined":[460,701],"selecting":[462],"two":[466,587,659,1035],"contradicting":[467],"hypotheses,":[468],"Null":[470],"states":[473],"no":[477],"statistically":[478,498],"difference":[480,500,706,1029],"between":[481,501,586,791,1034],"estimated":[483,503],"hypothesized":[485,505],"studied":[489],"population":[490,509,830,873,889,939],"Alternative":[492],"means":[494,532],"study)":[511],"when":[512,616],"it":[513,617,670],"actually":[515,619],"true.":[516],"Its":[517,621],"usual":[518,622],"values":[519,623,710],"0.05":[521],"(5%)":[522],"0.01":[524],"(1%).":[525],"To":[526],"elaborate,":[527],"1%":[528],"level":[529],"only":[536],"1":[537],"100":[540],"falsely":[542],"hypothesis.":[546],"3\u20137":[548],"2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0":[553],"Power":[556,594],"(1":[557,1046],"\u2013":[561,1047],"\u03b2":[565],"):":[568],"establish":[580],"link":[582],"causal":[584],"association":[585,592,708],"variables":[588],"provided":[589],"exists.":[593],"related":[596],"beta":[598],"(\u03b2).":[599],"II":[605],"false.":[620],"80%":[625],"which":[626,837,1088,1118],"suggest":[627],"accepting":[631],"20%":[633],"times;":[636],"one":[637,725,1074],"five,":[639],"will":[641,661],"fail":[642],"notice":[644],"actual":[646],"difference.":[647],"high":[649],"power":[650,1045],"groups":[660,794],"attained":[663],"size.":[668],"Hence,":[669],"parameter":[677],"calculation.":[681,1152],"2\u20135":[683],"3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0":[688],"Effect":[691,698],"Size:":[692],"measure":[704],"variable":[713,836],"groups.":[716],"For":[717,819],"instance,":[718],"if":[719,787,888],"average":[721,982],"weight":[722],"gain":[723],"after":[724],"nutrition":[726,734],"plan":[727,735],"5":[729,745],"kg":[730],"following":[732],"another":[733],"10":[737],"kg,":[738],"absolute":[740],"effect":[741,749,760,789],"kg.":[746],"relative":[748],"example":[753,953,1082],"5kg/10kg;":[755],"50%.":[756],"usually":[758],"estimate":[759],"basis":[764],"pilot":[766],"studies,":[767],"earlier":[768],"published":[769,855],"reports":[770],"clinical":[772],"experience":[773,935],"problem":[777],"investigation.":[779],"Most":[780],"importantly,":[781],"vice":[798],"versa.":[799],"3\u20135":[801],"8":[804],"4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0":[809],"Population":[812],"Variance:":[813],"predict":[828],"variance":[831,859,877,897],"continuous":[834],"outcome":[835],"square":[840],"quantity":[841],"measure;":[845],"standard":[846,998],"deviation":[847,999],"(SD).":[848],"frequently":[850],"look":[851],"estimates":[853],"commonly":[861],"unknown.":[862],"require":[865],"homogenous":[872],"because":[874],"low":[876],"SD,":[879],"Likewise,":[880],"heterogeneous":[893],"due":[894],"SD.":[899],"5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0":[902],"Non-response":[905,912],"Rate:":[906],"rate":[913,925,1012,1094],"quitting":[919],"non-response":[924,1011,1093],"previous":[933,1018],"literature,":[934],"ensure":[941],"unbiased":[944],"estimate.":[945],"4":[947],"An":[952],"calculation":[957,1070],"given":[959],"here.":[960],"wants":[963],"compare":[965],"effectiveness":[967],"Losartan":[969],"Captopril":[971],"reducing":[973],"systolic":[974,983,1031],"blood":[975,984,1032],"pressure.":[976],"Previous":[977],"demonstrated":[980],"pressure":[985,1033],"132.86":[987],"mmHg":[988,991,1002],"127.44":[990],"both":[993],"drugs,":[995],"respectively.":[996,1006],"was":[1000],"15.34":[1001],"18.23":[1004],"mmHg,":[1005],"After":[1007],"adding":[1008],"5%":[1010],"each":[1014,1062],"group":[1015],"study,":[1019],"what":[1020],"groups?":[1036],"(\u03b1)":[1041],"\u03b2)":[1048],"80%.":[1052],"answer":[1054],"160":[1056],"enrolled":[1060],"group.":[1063],"Noteworthy":[1065],"mention":[1067],"methods":[1071],"vary":[1072],"another.":[1078],"carried":[1084,1099],"out":[1085,1100],"using":[1086],"OpenEpi":[1087,1104],"itself":[1089],"does":[1090,1126],"not":[1091,1127],"add":[1092],"has":[1096],"manually":[1101],"(Steps:":[1103],"\u2192":[1105,1108,1111,1114],"Sample":[1106],"Size":[1107],"Mean":[1109],"Difference":[1110],"Enter":[1112],"Data":[1113],"Calculate)":[1115],"software":[1117],"freely":[1120],"available":[1121],"internet":[1124],"apply":[1128],"every":[1130],"9":[1134],"Study":[1137],"scope,":[1138],"setting":[1142],"sampling":[1144],"technique":[1145],"major":[1147],"considerations":[1148],"Professional":[1153],"assistance":[1155],"highly":[1158],"suggested.":[1159]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2020-08-18T00:00:00"}