{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3048324149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080729","title":"Astaxanthin Protects Retinal Photoreceptor Cells against High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress by Induction of Antioxidant Enzymes via the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 Pathway","display_name":"Astaxanthin Protects Retinal Photoreceptor Cells against High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress by Induction of Antioxidant Enzymes via the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 Pathway","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3048324149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080729","mag":"3048324149","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32785112","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7465141"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/antiox9080729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080729","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080729","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/8/729/pdf?version=1597063721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737566431","display_name":"Antioxidants","issn_l":"2076-3921","issn":["2076-3921"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antioxidants","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/8/729/pdf?version=1597063721","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040903099","display_name":"Tso\u2010Ting Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8247-7018","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8247-7018"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131804","display_name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03nteze27","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131804"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tso-Ting Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan","Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8247-7018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131804"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014566687","display_name":"Chung\u2010May Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4082-420X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4082-420X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131804","display_name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03nteze27","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131804"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chung-May Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan","Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131804"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059457285","display_name":"Chang\u2010Hao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-8716","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-8716"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131804","display_name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03nteze27","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131804"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chang-Hao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan","Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131804"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059457285"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864","https://openalex.org/I4210131804"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1690},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1690},"fwci":9.3811,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99033858,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"8","first_page":"729","last_page":"729"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9437999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9437999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11332","display_name":"Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress","score":0.04410000145435333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12533","display_name":"Aldose Reductase and Taurine","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astaxanthin","display_name":"astaxanthin","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoreceptors","display_name":"photoreceptors","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-oxygen-species","display_name":"reactive oxygen species","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pi3k-akt-signaling","display_name":"PI3K/Akt signaling","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nrf2-signaling-pathway","display_name":"Nrf2 signaling","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antioxidant-enzymes","display_name":"antioxidant enzymes","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apoptosis","display_name":"apoptosis","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-glucose","display_name":"high glucose","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carotenoids","display_name":"carotenoids","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/661w-cells","display_name":"661W cells","score":0.8809999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814","display_name":"Oxidative stress","level":2,"score":0.8196457624435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86554907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285613","display_name":"PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway","level":3,"score":0.7833086848258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75217442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423650","display_name":"Protein kinase B","level":3,"score":0.7432746291160583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48349386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424361","display_name":"Reactive oxygen species","level":2,"score":0.6975762844085693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780962900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413740","display_name":"Astaxanthin","level":3,"score":0.5669378042221069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190283241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14599311","display_name":"Apoptosis","level":2,"score":0.5096957683563232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778004101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948","display_name":"Antioxidant","level":2,"score":0.46976232528686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.46903881430625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.41789865493774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992339995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948","display_name":"Free radical scavenger","level":3,"score":0.4133303165435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3366106152534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.29676392674446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28781525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191907","display_name":"Carotenoid","level":2,"score":0.12556162476539612}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/antiox9080729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080729","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080729","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/8/729/pdf?version=1597063721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737566431","display_name":"Antioxidants","issn_l":"2076-3921","issn":["2076-3921"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antioxidants","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7465141","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7465141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antioxidants (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:32785112","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32785112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8c6ea2a08e2f4de78c5afd8ed2e14d99","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8c6ea2a08e2f4de78c5afd8ed2e14d99","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Antioxidants, Vol 9, Iss 8, p 729 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/antiox9080729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080729","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080729","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/8/729/pdf?version=1597063721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737566431","display_name":"Antioxidants","issn_l":"2076-3921","issn":["2076-3921"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antioxidants","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3048324149.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3048324149.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43722312","https://openalex.org/W220518476","https://openalex.org/W1567614586","https://openalex.org/W1854934447","https://openalex.org/W1900738367","https://openalex.org/W1964852065","https://openalex.org/W1971428334","https://openalex.org/W1976328682","https://openalex.org/W1979613828","https://openalex.org/W1984920777","https://openalex.org/W1988517042","https://openalex.org/W1988895856","https://openalex.org/W1988917929","https://openalex.org/W1992749443","https://openalex.org/W1996318348","https://openalex.org/W2000926951","https://openalex.org/W2002679216","https://openalex.org/W2009750283","https://openalex.org/W2015315286","https://openalex.org/W2016804918","https://openalex.org/W2023621913","https://openalex.org/W2029742967","https://openalex.org/W2031563447","https://openalex.org/W2040617288","https://openalex.org/W2041137175","https://openalex.org/W2043494185","https://openalex.org/W2054890136","https://openalex.org/W2060032052","https://openalex.org/W2065863066","https://openalex.org/W2075174833","https://openalex.org/W2081230387","https://openalex.org/W2081272277","https://openalex.org/W2085186230","https://openalex.org/W2088557669","https://openalex.org/W2089370698","https://openalex.org/W2090022398","https://openalex.org/W2093522502","https://openalex.org/W2095953797","https://openalex.org/W2097878116","https://openalex.org/W2105731956","https://openalex.org/W2117800935","https://openalex.org/W2121647621","https://openalex.org/W2124098523","https://openalex.org/W2145555990","https://openalex.org/W2161578081","https://openalex.org/W2163720024","https://openalex.org/W2193621263","https://openalex.org/W2237777675","https://openalex.org/W2296310309","https://openalex.org/W2330849631","https://openalex.org/W2399028710","https://openalex.org/W2400832068","https://openalex.org/W2471605942","https://openalex.org/W2581671813","https://openalex.org/W2617459744","https://openalex.org/W2766815459","https://openalex.org/W2778425750","https://openalex.org/W2788920821","https://openalex.org/W2791328401","https://openalex.org/W2795635674","https://openalex.org/W2809489644","https://openalex.org/W2884004221","https://openalex.org/W2891589914","https://openalex.org/W2895271514","https://openalex.org/W2907393697","https://openalex.org/W2943528098","https://openalex.org/W2974634715","https://openalex.org/W3005564435","https://openalex.org/W3027360528","https://openalex.org/W6678361473","https://openalex.org/W6712925400","https://openalex.org/W6738109841"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2752845969","https://openalex.org/W4381235681","https://openalex.org/W4411306887","https://openalex.org/W4225121647","https://openalex.org/W7125490584","https://openalex.org/W2145555990","https://openalex.org/W4378831128","https://openalex.org/W7098708554","https://openalex.org/W6885391440","https://openalex.org/W3189208617"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"retinopathy":[1],"(DR)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,49,58,161,190],"major":[5],"microvascular":[6],"complication":[7],"that":[8,149,193],"can":[9],"lead":[10],"to":[11,36],"severe":[12],"visual":[13],"impairment":[14],"in":[15,41,68,89,102,125,160],"patients":[16,196],"with":[17,113,173,197],"diabetes.":[18],"The":[19],"elevated":[20],"oxidative":[21],"stress":[22],"and":[23,63,86,93,118,122,139,155],"increased":[24],"reactive":[25],"oxygen":[26],"species":[27],"(ROS)":[28],"production":[29,121,154],"induced":[30],"by":[31,171],"hyperglycemia":[32],"have":[33],"been":[34,54],"reported":[35],"play":[37],"an":[38,84],"important":[39],"role":[40,80],"the":[42,78,96,99,126,133,179,182],"complex":[43],"pathogenesis":[44],"of":[45,81,98,116,135,181],"DR.":[46,72,198],"Astaxanthin":[47],"(AST),":[48],"natural":[50],"carotenoid":[51],"derivative,":[52],"has":[53],"recently":[55],"recognized":[56],"as":[57,83,189],"strong":[59],"free":[60],"radical":[61],"scavenger":[62],"might,":[64],"therefore,":[65],"be":[66],"beneficial":[67],"different":[69,114,127],"diseases,":[70],"including":[71],"In":[73],"this":[74],"study,":[75],"we":[76,130],"evaluated":[77],"potential":[79],"AST":[82,117,144,150,188],"antioxidative":[85],"antiapoptotic":[87],"agent":[88],"protecting":[90],"retinal":[91],"cells":[92,111],"also":[94,131],"investigated":[95],"involvement":[97,180],"PI3K/Akt/Nrf2":[100,183],"pathway":[101],"AST-mediated":[103],"effects.":[104],"We":[105],"treated":[106],"high":[107,162],"glucose-cultured":[108],"mouse":[109],"photoreceptor":[110],"(661W)":[112],"concentrations":[115],"analyzed":[119,132],"ROS":[120,153],"cell":[123,158],"apoptosis":[124,159],"regimens.":[128],"Moreover,":[129],"expression":[134],"PI3K,":[136],"Akt,":[137],"Nrf2,":[138],"Phase":[140],"II":[141],"enzymes":[142],"after":[143],"treatment.":[145],"Our":[146],"results":[147,186],"showed":[148],"dose-dependently":[151],"reduced":[152],"attenuated":[156],"661W":[157],"glucose":[163],"environment.":[164],"Importantly,":[165],"its":[166],"protective":[167],"effect":[168],"was":[169],"abolished":[170],"treatment":[172],"PI3K":[174],"or":[175],"Nrf2":[176],"inhibitors,":[177],"indicating":[178],"pathway.":[184],"These":[185],"suggest":[187],"nutritional":[191],"supplement":[192],"could":[194],"benefit":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-08-13T00:00:00"}
