{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3047214745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081259","title":"Designing High-Voltage and Large-Capacity Battery Packs for Fuel-Cell Hybrid Railroad Propulsion System","display_name":"Designing High-Voltage and Large-Capacity Battery Packs for Fuel-Cell Hybrid Railroad Propulsion System","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3047214745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081259","mag":"3047214745"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics9081259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081259","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/8/1259/pdf?version=1597204330","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W3047214745"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/8/1259/pdf?version=1597204330","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054315718","display_name":"In-Ho Cho","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161173","display_name":"Korea Railroad Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzcxt97","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4210161173","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"In-Ho Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smart Electrical & Signaling Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang-si 16105, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Electrical & Signaling Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang-si 16105, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161173"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101665046","display_name":"Byoung-Hee Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0361-3836","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0361-3836"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145808223","display_name":"Hanbat National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x514t95","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Byoung-Hee Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Electronics and Control Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0361-3836","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Electronics and Control Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029903100","display_name":"Seongyun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0729-2945","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0729-2945","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4459-174X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196345858","display_name":"Chungnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0227as991","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seong-Yun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019186110","display_name":"Joon-Hyoung Ryu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9942-5014","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9942-5014"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161173","display_name":"Korea Railroad Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzcxt97","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4210161173","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joon-Hyoung Ryu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smart Electrical & Signaling Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang-si 16105, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Electrical & Signaling Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang-si 16105, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161173"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409360","display_name":"Jonghoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8757-547X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8757-547X","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9094-7375"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196345858","display_name":"Chungnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0227as991","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Hoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101665046"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1584},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1584},"fwci":0.3183,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62425517,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"8","first_page":"1259","last_page":"1259"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Battery Modeling and Management","score":0.5497999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Battery Modeling and Management","score":0.5497999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.4424000084400177,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-pack-design","display_name":"battery pack design","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-voltage-batteries","display_name":"high-voltage batteries","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-capacity-batteries","display_name":"large-capacity batteries","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/railroad-vehicles","display_name":"railroad vehicles","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-fuel-cells","display_name":"hydrogen fuel cells","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"renewable energy","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-balancing","display_name":"battery balancing","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-cell-balancing","display_name":"passive cell balancing","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-cell-balancing","display_name":"active cell balancing","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/railway-electrification","display_name":"railway electrification","score":0.5889999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1034443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2583685","display_name":"Propulsion","level":2,"score":0.7874870300292969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.7841810584068298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.766418993473053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778508592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420116","display_name":"Battery pack","level":4,"score":0.7087162137031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.48156240582466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3371031582355499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.18294581770896912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.1101442277431488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics9081259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081259","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/8/1259/pdf?version=1597204330","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics9081259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081259","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/8/1259/pdf?version=1597204330","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9853000044822693,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1147336709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20RTRP-B146008-03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322010","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322010","display_name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/04xt5aa77"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3047214745.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3047214745.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495135107","https://openalex.org/W1987315721","https://openalex.org/W2019339702","https://openalex.org/W2087086371","https://openalex.org/W2095017254","https://openalex.org/W2538904647","https://openalex.org/W2562465851","https://openalex.org/W2595110383","https://openalex.org/W2614791712","https://openalex.org/W2790136741","https://openalex.org/W2911793824","https://openalex.org/W2920326613","https://openalex.org/W2970812492","https://openalex.org/W2979923747","https://openalex.org/W3004352278"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2954129001","https://openalex.org/W7154286744","https://openalex.org/W3020708168","https://openalex.org/W2943786122","https://openalex.org/W3002123500","https://openalex.org/W2759531034","https://openalex.org/W2168763169","https://openalex.org/W4383032828","https://openalex.org/W2545482161","https://openalex.org/W4285241174"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,32,40,67,100,106,114,139],"the":[2,25,43,74,90,95,115,141,144,155,165],"problem":[3],"of":[4,18,77,89,117,146,168],"global":[5],"warming":[6],"caused":[7],"by":[8],"greenhouse":[9],"gas":[10],"emissions,":[11],"internal":[12],"combustion":[13],"engines":[14],"in":[15,38,143,175],"a":[16,34,78,82,123,177],"lot":[17],"transportation":[19],"systems":[20,52],"are":[21,53,183],"being":[22,54],"electrified.":[23],"For":[24],"railroad":[26,91,118,127,151,173],"propulsion":[27,79,129],"system,":[28],"it":[29],"is":[30,98,181],"essential":[31],"apply":[33],"high-voltage/large-capacity":[35,147],"energy":[36,66,69],"source":[37],"order":[39],"ensure":[41,101],"that":[42],"system":[44,59,80,130],"operates":[45],"properly.":[46],"Thus,":[47],"fuel-cell":[48,84,125],"and":[49,62,105,157,161,185],"rechargeable":[50],"battery":[51,58,75,96,148,169],"considered":[55],"nowadays.":[56],"The":[57],"can":[60],"receive":[61],"store":[63],"all":[64],"regenerative":[65],"improve":[68],"efficiency.":[70],"In":[71,120,153],"addition,":[72],"since":[73],"pack":[76,97],"utilizing":[81],"hydrogen":[83,124],"requires":[85],"continuous":[86,178],"charging/discharging,":[87],"regardless":[88],"vehicle\u2019s":[92],"driving":[93],"profile,":[94],"designed":[99],"its":[102],"stable":[103,166],"use":[104],"minimize":[107],"maintenance":[108],"costs.":[109],"Consideration":[110],"should":[111],"be":[112],"given":[113],"characteristics":[116],"vehicles.":[119,152],"this":[121],"research,":[122],"hybrid":[126,172],"vehicle":[128],"specification,":[131],"which":[132,176],"has":[133],"been":[134],"studied":[135],"recently,":[136],"was":[137],"applied":[138],"study":[140],"considerations":[142],"design":[145],"packs":[149,170],"for":[150,164,171],"particular,":[154],"passive":[156],"active":[158],"cell-balancing":[159],"circuit":[160],"an":[162],"algorithm":[163],"management":[167],"vehicles":[174],"charging/discharging":[179],"operation":[180],"repeated":[182],"proposed":[184],"verified":[186],"through":[187],"experiments.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2020-08-10T00:00:00"}