{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3046294792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107050990.022","title":"Scientific alternatives to the anthropic principle","display_name":"Scientific alternatives to the anthropic principle","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3046294792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107050990.022","mag":"3046294792"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9781107050990.022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107050990.022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107050990.022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Universe or Multiverse?","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W117205739","display_name":"Universe or Multiverse?"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033243912","display_name":"Lee Smolin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-1473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-1473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183974707","display_name":"Perimeter Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/013m0ej23","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183974707"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lee Smolin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183974707"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033243912"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183974707"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.4006,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":85,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99251546,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"323","last_page":"366"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.8208000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.8208000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Logic and Philosophy of Science","score":0.04149999842047691,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.025800000876188278,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropic-principle","display_name":"anthropic principle","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/falsifiability","display_name":"falsifiability","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karl-popper","display_name":"Karl Popper","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-method","display_name":"scientific method","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmology","display_name":"cosmology","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-science","display_name":"philosophy of science","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-hypothesis","display_name":"scientific hypothesis","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-cosmological-models","display_name":"alternative cosmology","score":0.4230000078678131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116222747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220888","display_name":"Falsifiability","level":2,"score":0.9822643995285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86580146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240581","display_name":"Anthropic principle","level":2,"score":0.8694443106651306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.6984090209007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.6818740367889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6654549241065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5284001231193542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105056347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3239681","display_name":"Scientific theory","level":2,"score":0.4917753040790558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4432624280452728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.39746326208114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3454347252845764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13409042358398438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.12200972437858582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.08799612522125244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9781107050990.022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107050990.022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107050990.022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Universe or Multiverse?","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":111,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493871879","https://openalex.org/W1525260260","https://openalex.org/W1529876385","https://openalex.org/W1533720796","https://openalex.org/W1555224131","https://openalex.org/W1572556832","https://openalex.org/W1588762622","https://openalex.org/W1590390162","https://openalex.org/W1595873834","https://openalex.org/W1617068005","https://openalex.org/W1631512929","https://openalex.org/W1657072747","https://openalex.org/W1660091233","https://openalex.org/W1672597823","https://openalex.org/W1791037351","https://openalex.org/W1794918933","https://openalex.org/W1966702659","https://openalex.org/W1967442617","https://openalex.org/W1970035114","https://openalex.org/W1972072317","https://openalex.org/W1972631608","https://openalex.org/W1973861971","https://openalex.org/W1974987099","https://openalex.org/W1979287894","https://openalex.org/W1979459299","https://openalex.org/W1979746930","https://openalex.org/W1980198538","https://openalex.org/W1984520658","https://openalex.org/W1986629118","https://openalex.org/W1990699007","https://openalex.org/W1995869161","https://openalex.org/W1996135325","https://openalex.org/W1997980559","https://openalex.org/W2005379655","https://openalex.org/W2006208772","https://openalex.org/W2012869970","https://openalex.org/W2013764856","https://openalex.org/W2015546504","https://openalex.org/W2016482819","https://openalex.org/W2018623803","https://openalex.org/W2020502430","https://openalex.org/W2022726910","https://openalex.org/W2024946969","https://openalex.org/W2026036223","https://openalex.org/W2026821040","https://openalex.org/W2030380837","https://openalex.org/W2032440715","https://openalex.org/W2034898285","https://openalex.org/W2037950733","https://openalex.org/W2038698427","https://openalex.org/W2039770388","https://openalex.org/W2040112241","https://openalex.org/W2050617485","https://openalex.org/W2052948017","https://openalex.org/W2063829172","https://openalex.org/W2066696864","https://openalex.org/W2066970210","https://openalex.org/W2068086910","https://openalex.org/W2068552098","https://openalex.org/W2068965318","https://openalex.org/W2069241362","https://openalex.org/W2069985288","https://openalex.org/W2073984231","https://openalex.org/W2077832897","https://openalex.org/W2078468903","https://openalex.org/W2079642974","https://openalex.org/W2082492481","https://openalex.org/W2084327053","https://openalex.org/W2085062758","https://openalex.org/W2089458934","https://openalex.org/W2093277341","https://openalex.org/W2097523349","https://openalex.org/W2102567814","https://openalex.org/W2108534226","https://openalex.org/W2109982723","https://openalex.org/W2124120236","https://openalex.org/W2125835296","https://openalex.org/W2125934807","https://openalex.org/W2128254511","https://openalex.org/W2129654651","https://openalex.org/W2134251287","https://openalex.org/W2140123438","https://openalex.org/W2141446744","https://openalex.org/W2143975781","https://openalex.org/W2147998383","https://openalex.org/W2148968450","https://openalex.org/W2153153812","https://openalex.org/W2157986618","https://openalex.org/W2159740059","https://openalex.org/W2163104504","https://openalex.org/W2164643184","https://openalex.org/W2168771558","https://openalex.org/W2173328249","https://openalex.org/W2205790875","https://openalex.org/W2315803208","https://openalex.org/W2316131352","https://openalex.org/W2562787209","https://openalex.org/W2592854053","https://openalex.org/W2595688973","https://openalex.org/W2989803163","https://openalex.org/W2989935438","https://openalex.org/W2990297049","https://openalex.org/W3000678567","https://openalex.org/W3003430721","https://openalex.org/W3021587765","https://openalex.org/W3023158009","https://openalex.org/W3091912899","https://openalex.org/W3094655679","https://openalex.org/W3102928324","https://openalex.org/W3148037426","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W646373519","https://openalex.org/W7154893672","https://openalex.org/W4248871042","https://openalex.org/W2020126499","https://openalex.org/W4244039611","https://openalex.org/W4206466234","https://openalex.org/W2156556750","https://openalex.org/W4236570461","https://openalex.org/W7163804131","https://openalex.org/W1934393322"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"I":[1,16,34,62,136],"have":[2,17,120],"chosen":[3],"a":[4,12,72,89,133,180,210],"deliberately":[5],"provocative":[6],"title,":[7],"in":[8,132,142,144],"order":[9],"to":[10,42,55,86,124,177,200,212],"communicate":[11],"sense":[13],"of":[14,28,116,150,169,183,189],"frustration":[15],"felt":[18],"for":[19,75,101],"many":[20],"years":[21],"about":[22],"how":[23,201],"otherwise":[24],"sensible":[25],"people,":[26],"some":[27],"whom":[29],"are":[30],"among":[31],"the":[32,46,117,140,148],"scientists":[33,173],"most":[35],"respect":[36],"and":[37,155,165],"admire,":[38],"espouse":[39],"an":[40,193],"approach":[41],"cosmological":[43],"problems":[44],"\u2014":[45,50,79,106,111],"Anthropic":[47],"Principle":[48],"(AP)":[49],"that":[51,69,80,105,185,204],"is":[52,68,91,197,206],"easily":[53],"seen":[54,110],"be":[56,82,175],"unscientific.":[57],"By":[58],"calling":[59],"it":[60,70,81,98,205],"unscientific":[61],"mean":[63],"something":[64],"very":[65],"specific,":[66],"which":[67],"lacks":[71],"property":[73],"necessary":[74],"any":[76],"scientific":[77],"hypothesis":[78],"falsifiable":[83,92],".":[84],"According":[85],"Popper":[87],"[1\u20144],":[88],"theory":[90,118,182],"if":[93],"one":[94,114],"can":[95],"derive":[96],"from":[97],"unambiguous":[99],"predictions":[100],"practical":[102],"experiments,":[103],"such":[104,161],"were":[107],"contrary":[108],"results":[109],"at":[112],"least":[113],"premise":[115],"would":[119,174],"been":[121,153],"proven":[122],"not":[123],"true.":[125],"This":[126,195],"introduction":[127],"will":[128,137],"outline":[129],"my":[130],"argument":[131],"few":[134,167],"paragraphs.":[135],"then":[138],"develop":[139],"points":[141],"detail":[143],"subsequent":[145],"sections.":[146],"While":[147],"notion":[149],"falsifiability":[151],"has":[152],"challenged":[154],"qualified":[156],"by":[157,192],"philosophers":[158,168],"since":[159],"Popper,":[160],"as":[162],"Kuhn,":[163],"Feyerabend":[164],"others,":[166],"science":[170,202],"or":[171],"working":[172],"able":[176],"take":[178],"seriously":[179],"fundamental":[181],"physics":[184],"had":[186],"no":[187],"possibility":[188],"being":[190],"disproved":[191],"experiment.":[194],"point":[196],"so":[198],"basic":[199],"works":[203],"perhaps":[207],"worthwhile":[208],"taking":[209],"moment":[211],"review":[213],"its":[214],"rationale.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-08-07T00:00:00"}
